2 According to DSM-IV, NVP-AEW541 solubility dmso anxiety disorders include diagnoses of panic disorder, agoraphobia, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), social anxiety disorder (social

phobia), specific phobias, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCT)).3 The common feature of the different anxiety disorders is excessive, irrational fear and avoidance of anxiety triggers.3 Numerous studies have been conducted so far to determine structural and functional neural pathways of anxiety disorders and Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical anxiety in general. Furthermore, there have been attempts to disentangle the neurobiological characteristics specific to each disorder.4 However, the number of neuroimaging studies conducted Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical on each anxiety disorder varies greatly. Most of the imaging studies on anxiety disorders published within the last decade focused on PTSD or OCD; less research has been conducted on agoraphobia and generalized anxiety disorder, for example.2 In addition to imaging studies in patients with anxiety disorders, a large body of research has been conducted on anxiety in healthy subjects. For example, fear conditioning studies5-8 or experimentally induced panic attacks in healthy individuals9 resembled the elevated fear response seen in anxiety disorder patients quite well. The Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical present review attempts to create

a global overview of the current findings of structural MRI, fMRI, and PET studies in the field of anxiety disorders. In the following,

we first discuss Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical research on models of anxiety in healthy subjects, then turn to clinical studies in anxiety patients, and conclude with an outlook on the possibility of visualizing the effects of pharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatment of anxiety disorders using neuroimaging techniques. Modeling anxiety in healthy individuals Classical fear conditioning was one of the first experimental paradigms employed to study the functional neuroanatomy of Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical anxiety in healthy humans.10 In fear conditioning studies, a previously neutral second stimulus is repeatedly paired with an aversive stimulus which by itself elicits an autonomic fear response. After several paired presentations, the previously neutral stimulus becomes “conditioned” and elicits the autonomic fear response alone. In a well-known study by Büchel et al,5 neutral faces were conditioned with an unpleasantly loud tone. After conditioning, presentation of the conditioned stimulus evoked brain activity in the anterior cingulate cortex, the anterior insula, and the amygdala (Figure 1). Interestingly, amygdala activation decreased over time, indicating a rapid habituation of this structure.5,10 The finding that the amygdala, the insula, and the anterior cingulate cortex are part of an aversive conditioning network has been replicated many times within the last years.