The XRD pattern of the CIS precursor

The XRD pattern of the CIS precursor buy APR-246 was investigated and the result is shown in Figure 2b. As shown in Figure 2b, the mainly HKI272 crystalline phase was CIS, and the almost undetectable secondary CuSe phase was observed. For the further application of the CIS powder in the printing method, the CIS should be ground into the nano-scale particles. Figure 2 CIGS precursors observed in (a) nano-scale (nm) and micro-scale (μm, in the upset) morphologies (b) XRD pattern. The XRD patterns of the CIS precursor were investigated under various grinding time and with and without 1 wt.% KD1, and the results are shown in Figure 3. As shown in Figure 3, only the diffraction peaks of the

CIS phase were observed in the ground powders. The 2θ values of the diffraction

peak for the CIS particle under differently treated process had no apparent shift. This result suggests that the crystalline phases of the CIS particle are not changed as the grinding process is used. For the ground CIS precursor without KD1 addition, the full width at half maximum (FWHM) value of the (112) peak was 0.37°, 0.37°, 0.38°, 0.38°, and 0.38° as grinding time was 1, 2, 3, and 4 h, respectively, as Figure 3a shows; as shown in Figure 3b for ground CIS precursor with KD1 addition, the FWHM value of the (112) peak was 0.38°, 0.43°, 0.47°, and 0.52°, as grinding MAPK inhibitor time was 1, 2, 3, and 4 h, respectively. The increase in the FWHM values of the (112) peak suggests that the particle sizes of the CIS powder decrease with increasing grinding time. However, the variations in the particle sizes of the ground CIS powders are dependent on the KD1 concentration and grinding time and Parvulin they are not easily calculated from the surface observation. In the past, the particle size can be estimated using the Scherrer’s formula [16]: (1) where λ

is the X-ray wavelength, B is the full width of height maximum of a diffraction peak, θ is the diffraction angle, and k is the Scherrer’s constant of the order unity for usual crystal. For CIS powder ground without KD1 addition it aggregated into micro-scale particles with the diameter in the range of 1.3 to 6 μm (not shown here). However, as the KD1 was added, the CIS powder was ground into nano-scale after 4 h, and it had the average particle sizes approximately 20 to 50 nm (also not shown here). Those results indicate that as KD1 is added as dispersant, the particle sizes of the CIS power are really decreased from micro-scale to nano-scale. Figure 3 XRD patterns of the CIS precursors grinding using a 2-mm ZrO 2 ball (a) without KD1 dispersant and (b) with KD1 dispersant. Figure 4 shows the surface morphology of the CIS absorber layers on the Mo/Glass substrates, RTA was carried out at different temperatures for 10 min in a selenization furnace and without extra Se addition.

None of the parameters tested correlated with the grouping of the

None of the parameters tested correlated with the grouping of the amoA communities

in the green cane soil, with the exception of the C:N ratio in one replicate. The clear distinction between the bacterial communities in the control soil and in the burnt cane soil was correlated with the high exchangeable Mg content and the low WFPS value in the former. Moreover, VX-809 mouse it was associated with low values of the sum of bases, cation exchange capacity, exchangeable Ca and the degree of saturation of the bases in the burnt cane soil (Figure 3). The nirK gene based DGGE profile (denitrifying bacteria) showed more complex patterns (8–15 bands) than that of the ammonia oxidizing bacteria. The triplicate profiles were similar between each other. Much like the total bacteria, the nirK based patterns (Figure 4) showed significant differences between treatments (MRPP < 0.03). However, there was great variation in community structure. Selonsertib price There was a distinction between green cane and control samples along the Y axis and a marked distinction between the burnt cane and the other samples along the X axis, that contained the major percentage of variance (74%). Figure 4 NMS ordination of the DGGE profiles of  nirK  gene fragments (denitrifier bacteria) amplified from the soil samples (0–10 cm) collected

from the treatments Control (C), Green cane (GC) and Burnt cane (BC). The fraction of total variance that accounts for each axis is indicated in parentheses. The angles and the length of radiating lines indicate the direction and strength of the relationship between the chemical and biological variables with the ordination scores. None of the soil parameters tested showed significant correlation with the alterations in the structure of the denitrifying community in the green cane soil. In the burnt cane soil, the factors involved in the process were the same as described above. The communities in the control soil were also strongly influenced by the high exchangeable Mg value

and the low WFPS (Figure 4). Ordination of the physicochemical data as primary selleck screening library matrices classified the treatments as three distinct groups (data not shown), which is Teicoplanin the same basic grouping found with the bacterial community. In contrast, the two functional communities did not follow the same pattern as the bacterial communities, perhaps because these groups were subjected to more specific selective forces, such as caused by different levels of NH4 +-N and/or NO3 –N. The Mantel correlation data (not shown), that test the correlation and the significance between two matrices, provided evidence for the latter hypothesis, because the largest correlation value found was that of the ammonia oxidizing community with the denitrifier community (r = 0.70), while the correlation of these groups with soil properties was respectively at r = 0.45 and r = 0.63.

It has been suggested that they could arise from tissues ovarian

It has been suggested that they could arise from tissues ovarian epithelial tumors are embryologically derived from the mullerian

duct [7]. This mullerian-type tissue (columnar epithelium, AZD4547 supplier often ciliated) forms cysts located in paratubal and paraovarian locations. According to this theory, ovarian tumors develop from these cysts, not the ovarian surface epithelium. As the tumor enlarges, it https://www.selleckchem.com/products/repsox.html compresses and eventually obliterates ovarian tissue resulting in an adnexal tumor that appears to have arisen in the ovary. Table 2 Origin of ovarian carcinoma   Serous Endometrioid/Clear Mucinous/Brenner Traditional theory ovarian surface epithelium (mesothelim) ovarian surface epithelium (mesothelim) ovarian surface epithelium (mesothelim) Recent theory fimbria endometrial tissue (endometriosis) tubal-mesothelial junction In summary, it appears that the vast majority of what seem to be primary epithelial ovarian and primary peritoneal carcinomas are, in fact, secondary. Previous

data support the view that serous tumors develop from the fimbria, the most distal part of the fallopian tube, endometrioid and clear cell tumors from endometrial tissue passing through the fallopian tube resulting in endometriosis and mucinous and Brenner tumors from transitional-type epithelium located at the tubal-mesothelial junction where the fimbria makes contact to the peritoneum. Although the data suggesting that epithelial ovarian carcinoma arises in extra-ovarian sites and involves the ovaries secondarily are compelling, low- and high-grade AZD5363 molecular weight serous carcinomas involve the ovaries and other pelvic and abdominal organs, such

as the omentum and mesentery, much more extensively than the fallopian tubes. Similarly, although endometrioid carcinomas develop from endometriosis, which frequently involves multiple sites in Resveratrol the pelvis, these tumors are usually confined to the ovaries. It is likely that the predisposition for growth in the ovary is multifactorial but the precise reasons for this are unknown. The proposed model by assigning different epithelial ovarian tumors into two categories based on clinical, morphological, and molecular genetic characteristics could serve as a framework for studying ovarian cancer pathogenesis, but this model is not complete and does not resolve all the issues. For example, clear cell carcinoma and mucinous cadenocarcinoma are classified as type I tumors, but unlike the other type I tumors clear cell and mucinous cell types are often high-grade at presentation and show relatively strong resistance to platinum-based chemotherapy. This model does not replace traditional histopathologic classification but can be expected to draw attention to the molecular genetic events that play a role in the tumor progression and can give light on new approaches to early detection and treatment of ovarian cancer.

One can see the presence of several endothermic processes on the

One can see the Palbociclib concentration presence of several endothermic processes on the thermograms, which

confirm the existence of different structural formations in OIS bulk and correspond to their glass transition temperatures. The temperatures of the glass transitions are shown in Table  2. For OIS with reactivity R = 0.04, in which the organic component consists of only high-molecular-weight MDI, one glass transition process T g1 near −50°C can be found and corresponds to elastic hybrid organic-inorganic network MDI/SS that was formed in reactions between the NCO groups of the MDI EZH1/2 inhibitor and OH groups of SS. Figure 1 DSC curves of OIS with different organic component reactivities R . R is varied from 0.04 to 0.32. Table 2 DSC studies: temperatures of the relaxation GSK1210151A datasheet processes Compositions Glass transition temperatures Reactivity (R) MDI (%) PIC (%) T g1(°C) T g2(°C) 0.04

100 0 −50 – 0.1 80 20 −48 39 0.14 65 35 −53 54 0.16 58 42 −58 55 0.18 50 50 −63 59 0.22 35 65 −70 67 0.26 20 80 −76 74 Compositions and glass transition temperatures of OIS obtained from DSC investigations, depending on the reactivity R of the organic component of OIS. The increase of the organic component reactivity R by adding PIC in the reactive mixture leads to the appearance of the second glass transition process T g2 near 40°C. Thus, it can be referred to the more rigid hybrid organic-inorganic network PIC/SS that is formed in reactions between the NCO groups of PIC and the OH Tangeritin groups of SS. Further increase of R shifts T g1 to lower temperatures due to the presence of a low-molecular-weight

product that appeared during polymerization and plays the role of plasticizer for elastic network MDI/SS. At the same time, the rise of T g2 is observed since the plasticizing effect is weak as compared with a strong impact of growing and cross-linking of rigid hybrid network PIC/SS. DMTA results The DMTA results show the presence of two (Figure  2) and three (Figure  3) relaxation processes, depending on the composition of OIS. The temperatures of these relaxation processes are noted in Table  3. The relaxation temperatures T r1 and T r2 relate to the glass transition temperatures T g1 and T g2 and correspond to the hybrid networks MDI/SS and PIC/SS, respectively. A good correlation between values and shifts of relaxation temperatures (DMTA results) and glass transition temperatures (DSC results) is revealed. The third weak relaxation process T r0 near −90°C (Figure  3) corresponds to the relaxation of a low-molecular-weight product that plays the role of plasticizer for hybrid networks. The rise of R leads to the increase of a low-molecular-weight product in OIS bulk and, correspondingly, to the increase of its relaxation temperature and plasticizing effect.

Therefore it is important that providers carefully familiarize th

Therefore it is important that providers carefully familiarize themselves with this technique. Indications Chest compressions are generally indicated for all patients in cardiac arrest. Unlike other medical interventions, chest compressions can be initiated by any healthcare

provider without a physician’s order. This is based on implied patient consent for emergency treatment [3]. If a patient is found unresponsive without a definite pulse or normal breathing then the responder should assume that this patient is in cardiac arrest, activate check details the emergency response system and immediately start chest compressions [4]. The risk of serious injury from chest compressions to patients who are not in cardiac arrest is negligible [5], while any delay in starting chest compressions has grave implications for outcome. Due to the importance of starting chest compressions early, pulse and breathing checks were de-emphasized in the most recent CPR guidelines [4]. Thus,

healthcare providers should take no longer than 10 seconds to check for a pulse. The carotid or femoral pulses are preferred locations for pulse checks since peripheral arteries can be unreliable. Contraindications In certain BAY 11-7082 in vitro circumstances it is inappropriate to initiate chest compressions. A valid Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) order that prohibits chest compressions is an absolute contra-indication. DNR orders are considered by the attending physician on the basis of patient autonomy and treatment futility. The principle of patient autonomy dictates that this website competent patients have a right to refuse medical treatment [6]. Therefore a DNR order should be documented if patients do not wish to be treated with chest compressions. For patients with impaired decision-making, previous preferences should be taken into account when making decisions regarding DNR. The principle of treatment futility dictates that healthcare providers are not obliged to provide treatment if this would be futile [6]. Therefore a DNR order should be documented if chest compressions would be unlikely to confer a survival benefit or acceptable quality of life. However, few criteria

can reliably predict the futility of starting chest compressions. If there is any uncertainty Farnesyltransferase regarding DNR status then chest compressions should be started immediately while the uncertainties are addressed. Compressions may subsequently be terminated as soon as a valid DNR order is produced. Of note, patients with implantable left ventricular assist devices [7–9] or patients with total artificial hearts or biventricular assist devices [10] who suffer cardiac arrest from device failure should be resuscitated using a backup pump (e.g. ECMO [11, 12]) if this is available rather than with chest compressions. The Physiology of Chest Compressions Chest compressions generate a small but critical amount of blood flow to the heart and brain.

PeakForce Tapping (PFT) in liquid media is a novel, cutting edge

PeakForce Tapping (PFT) in liquid media is a novel, cutting edge breakthrough in AFM that allows the imaging and quantification of the physicochemical properties associated to every point in a 3D surface immersed in a liquid environment. This is of special interest for biological samples and particularly for marine biofilms, so we have been able to measure these properties directly in natural seawater. In this article FD-AFM methods have been used to characterise the morphology of biofilms of S. algae grown in different nutritive media and to obtain quantitative mapping of elastic modulus and adhesion forces of the resulting biofilms. GDC941 Results and discussion Influence of the culture

conditions on bacterial growth and slime see more production Bacterial growth was initially checked in agar plates of the nine culture media at 20°C, 26°C and 32°C after 24 h in order to qualitatively

assess the best range of temperatures. selleck From these initial observations, the lower incubation temperature was ruled out due to poor growth. Media with different characteristics were chosen (Additional file 1: Table S1): Marine broth (MB) is a widespread culture medium for marine bacteria that contains high levels of salts as well as trace elements. Its main difference with the Supplemented Artificial Seawater medium (SASW) and Luria Marine Broth (LMB) is the amount of primary sources of carbon and nitrogen, and the trace element content [35].

Väätänen Nine-Salt Solution (VNSS) is a complex salt-rich medium that is frequently used in marine microbiology [36, 37]. Mueller-Hinton is the standard culture medium in antimicrobial susceptibility tests, and often it needs to be supplemented with salts (2%, MH2) and/or calcium and magnesium (cation-adjusted MH2, CAMH2) to support the growth of certain bacteria like pathogenic vibrios [38, 39] and halophilic marine strains [40, 41]. Brain-Heart Infusion and Tryptic Soy Broth were also supplemented with 2% NaCl and designed as BHI2 and TSB2, respectively. These NaCl-supplemented rich media have been previously employed in the culture of Pseudoalteromonas Alectinib nmr and Vibrio species [15, 16]. A minimal medium (MMM) was included to evaluate the effect of a limiting environment on biofilm formation. The actual starting cell density was 7.0 ± 0.8 × 105 cfu/ml. Figure 2 shows the total cell density (A) and biofilm biomass (B) in different media at the two selected temperatures. In order to determine the effect of the medium, the temperature and the interaction on the total cell density and biofilm formation, ANOVA tests were performed. Without loss of generality for the goal of the study, optical density (OD) values below 0.05 have been considered as no total cell density/no biofilm formation and have not been taken into account for the ANOVAs purposes (Additional file 2: Table S2).

The pioneering work was published in 2001 [9], and various cerami

The pioneering work was published in 2001 [9], and various ceramic films fabricated by AD have been studied quite intensively in recent years. In previous research, ferroelectric BaTiO3 was employed in high-density embedded decoupling capacitors using the AD method. BaTiO3 films with thicknesses of 0.1 to 2.2 μm were deposited on Cu and stainless steel (SUS) substrates [10–13]. The BaTiO3 films with a thickness of less than 0.5 μm on Cu substrates

and 0.2 μm on SUS substrates exhibited conductor properties because of their high leakage currents. The leakage current mechanisms for aerosol-deposited BaTiO3 thin films and the causes of the high leakage currents were determined in previous research [10, 12]. However, the densification mechanism of BaTiO3 films deposited by AD has yet to be identified. In this check details study, we applied 0.2-μm-thick BaTiO3 thin films deposited by AD onto an integrated

substrate suitable for thin-film IPDs. To overcome the macroscopic defects and rough interface between the BaTiO3 films and substrates, the influence of starting powders with difference particle sizes was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and focused ion beam (FIB). In addition, the densification of AD-deposited BaTiO3 thin films and stronger particle-to-particle bonding could be obtained using rapid thermal annealing treatment. The surface morphology of post-annealed BaTiO3 thin films Bcl-w was examined using atom force CHIR98014 manufacturer microscopy (AFM) to reveal the effect of rapid thermal annealing (RTA)

treatment on leakage currents. Methods The AD method is a very attractive deposition process for integrating ceramic thin films. During the deposition process, the raw particles are mixed with a N2 carrier gas to form an aerosol flow and then ejected through a nozzle and coated onto the substrate in the deposition chamber at room temperature. The detailed selleckchem fabrication apparatus has been described in elsewhere [14]. The BaTiO3 thin films were successfully deposited on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si integrated substrates with a thickness of 200 nm and a deposition area of 10 × 10 mm2 using a similar AD apparatus in this paper. The thickness of the Pt/Ti layer is 150/10 nm. During the deposition process, to clarify the influence of the starting powder on the morphology of the bottom Pt interface, different BaTiO3 powders BT-045J and BT-03B (Samsung Fine Chemicals Co., Ltd., Ulsan, South Korea) with particle sizes of 0.45 and 0.30 μm, respectively, were used as starting powders. The surfaces of the as-deposited thin films were evaluated using SEM (S-4300SE; Hitachi Ltd, Tokyo, Japan), and the cross-section of the interface between the BaTiO3 thin films and Pt substrate deposited using different starting powders was observed using a FIB system (Nova 600 Nanolab, FEI, Hillsboro, OR, USA).

Liver laceration with gastric tear and ileal perforation, and the

Liver laceration with gastric tear and ileal perforation, and the liver tear with gallbladder trauma and duodenal trauma were CB-5083 present in one patient (0.64%) each respectively. Isolated splenic trauma occurred in 25 selleck screening library patients (16.23%). Splenic laceration with a mesenteric tear, the splenic laceration with a large gut injury, the splenic sub capsular hematoma with a small gut injury, the splenic trauma and a kidney laceration, and the splenic as well as liver

laceration was seen in 2 patients each (1.29%). Retroperitoneal hematoma was seen in 10 patients (6.49%).1 patient (0.64%) had an isolated whereas eight (5.19%) had with associated abdominal visceral damage. Lateral wall retroperitoneal hematoma was present in one patient (0.64%). No retroperitoneal

hematoma had exploration in our series. Renal hematoma was present in four patients (2.59%) one patient (0.64%) had associated liver laceration and one patient (0.64%) had with splenic trauma. Mortality was present in six patients (3.89%). Wound infection was seen in 33 patients (21.42%). two patients (1.29%) had fecal fistula, 1(0.64%) had burst abdomen.3 patients (1.94%) had incisional hernia. 4 patients (4.29%) had adhesion obstruction Mocetinostat which were managed conservatively. Discussion PBI produces a spectrum of injury from minor, single to multiple organ injury. Actual incidence of abdominal blast injury is unknown. Explosion-related injuries are infrequently seen in civilian practice G protein-coupled receptor kinase [3]. The unique physiologic and medical consequences of blast injuries are often unrecognized and frequently poorly understood [4]. Gas-containing sections of the gastrointestinal tract are most vulnerable to primary blast effect but can also damage solid organs. In PBI, number and type of the abdominal organs injured are predicted by the proximity to a site of blast, position and posture of a patient, direction of blast wave and whether patient is static or at rest; and number of intervening media in between wave and victim. Age, morphology of abdominal organs, contents in gut may alter PBW direction inside which predict

the number and type of viscera damaged and an intensity of injury. Rupture, infarction, ischemia and hemorrhage of solid organs such as the liver, spleen, and kidney are generally associated with very high intensity PBW and proximity of the patient to the origin of PBW. Proximity to origin of primary blast wave is strong predictor of type and number of organ injured. Clinical presentation of abdominal blast injury may be overt, or subtle and variable. Early signs of gastrointestinal injury include decreased bowel sounds, abdominal tenderness, and rectal bleeding. Abdominal PBI should be suspected in anyone exposed to an explosion with abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, rebound tenderness, guarding, hematemesis, rectal pain, tenesmus, testicular pain, unexplained hypovolemia, or any findings suggestive of an acute abdomen.

(a) Micro-PL of sample 9 at 80 K, (b) Fourier spectrum of sample

(a) Micro-PL of Selleck Epoxomicin sample 9 at 80 K, (b) Fourier spectrum of sample 9 at 80 K, and (c) schematic illustration of sample 9. By growing a reference sample to obtain the critical growth parameters, then increasing growth interruption and growth temperature, and decreasing deposition of InAs, a very low density of QDs can be realized [11]. However, the repeatability is very low if the critical conditions were obtained from samples in different batches because of the accidental error and system error, such as differences

caused by different molybdenum sample holder blocks, ambience in the growth chamber, measurement of growth rate and temperature, and so on. For our samples used in this method, the repeatability is less than 47%. To resolve this problem, the critical growth parameters were obtained in situ. A SQD layer was grown to obtain the θ c of InAs QDs and then annealed for the desorption BLZ945 purchase of InAs. After growing a 50-nm GaAs barrier layer to separate the SQD layer, the InAs QD layer was grown to investigate the best condition of low density. Samples

1 to 6 (Table  1) were grown to study the effects of the deposition of InAs. The deposition of the SQD layer was in the critical condition when a spotty pattern just appears. The growth temperature of the QD AC220 research buy layer is 5°C higher than that of the SQD layer to achieve lower-density QDs and obtain a better micro-PL spectrum. The spotty pattern in the RHEED did not appear after the growth of the InAs QD layer, which implies that the actual deposition (total deposition − desorption) is slightly less than θ c. Figures  4 and 5a show a series of micro-PL of decreasing △ from samples 1 to 6. We can RVX-208 find that the micro-PL spectra are multiple lines when △ > 0 and become a sharp single line when △ ≤ 0. As shown in Figure  5a,b, under the same pumping energy, micro-PL transfers from a single narrow peak to double narrow peaks, and the intensity of the spectra decreases sharply.

Moreover, blue shift occurs when △ < 0. This can be explained by the fact that QDs are not nucleated completely when deposition is less than the critical condition. In this case, the so-called quantum dots are similar to interface fluctuations. This can also be demonstrated in Figure  5b. When △ < 0, an additional wetting layer peak appears at 870 nm, and the intensity of the peak increases with the decrease of △. We can also find that the micro-PL is sharp and that the peak intensity is highest when △ is equal to 0. Therefore, the best condition of low density is 5°C higher than the growth temperature of the SQD layer, and the deposition of InAs is the same as the SQD layer. Figure 4 Micro-PL of samples 1 to 4 at 80 K. (a) Sample 1, △ = 0.15 ML, (b) sample 2, △ = 0.075 ML, (c) sample 3, △ = 0.025 ML, (d) sample 4, △ = 0. △ is the deposition difference between the QD layer and SQD layer. Figure 5 Micro-PL of samples 4 to 6 at 80 K. (a) Sample 4, △ = 0; sample 5, △ = −0.05 ML; sample 6, △ = −0.075 ML.

Physically, the biliary system is close to both the peripheral ne

Physically, the biliary system is close to both the peripheral nerve plexus and the coelial plexus, which proximity may facilitate peripheral nerve invasion by biliary tumors. Some reports consider that the biliary system is rich in autonomic nerves, which may also facilitate perineural invasion[14]. However, neither of these facts completely explains the specific mechanism of tumor cells entering into nerve tissue. Recent investigation has indicated that the check details relationship between PNI occurrence and the distance between tumor and nerve plexus Bleomycin clinical trial was not close. Secondly, the tumor cells invade nerves via the perineural lymphatic vessel. Previous studies considered that tumors

invade nerves along the “”path of least resistance,”" or are transported along blood and lymphatic pathways[15, 16]. However, in rectal cancer, especially distal rectal cancer, although these tumors are close to

the sacral nerve plexus, one study found that the rate of perineural invasion is rather low, only 9.9-34.9% [17]; this investigation also indicated that nervous invasion was not correlated with the location of carcinoma swelling, volume, histology category, at even the status of lymphatic metastasis. Tumors had previously been thought to invade nerve through the lymphatic pathway in the nerve or perineurium. However, an investigation found that about 34% of pancreatic carcinoma patients with NI were without lymphatic metastasis, while 75% of such Buspirone HCl patients without any NI appeared to have lymphatic Geneticin metastasis. Therefore, it is considered that the possibility of the patients with widespread lymphatic metastasis who emerged peripancreatic nervous invasion was quite high. However, peripancreatic nervous invasion is not completely determined by lymphatic pathway. Another report found no perineural lymphatic vessel,

by either electron microscope or light microscope; however, they found that nerves in the perineurium can be separated from their peripheral connective tissue, generating low-resistance, slit-like interspaces in the nerve periphery, which are easily invaded by tumor cells[18], which suggests that if a tumor came through perineural lymphatic vessel, then the nerve environment could be a focus of jump infection with lymphatic metastasis characteristics. Moreover, the tumor will not offend the nerve for a wrap. If tumor cells invade nerves through the low-resistance perineural layer, then the insufficiency of the leap focus of infection was bound to invade the nerve for a wrap. So the femoral nerve of the rats and Walk2er256 tumor cell were incubated together by Rodin, one week later, the tumor cells completely wrapped the nerve and without any leap focus of infection. Recent progressive investigation also found that the perineurium was available in three different weak positions. Such as entrance and exit of blood vessel, invasion court of reticular fiber.