57 Further studies are needed to examine the diagnostic potential of these Aβ species. Total tau protein After the first report on T-tau In CSF using an ELISA method with a polyclonal reporter antibody,59 an ELISA method based on monoclonal antibodies detecting

all Isoforms of tau independent of phosphorylation state of tau was developed.60,61 A large number of studies have evaluated the diagnostic potential for the most commonly used method for T-tau,60 finding a sensitivity above 80% and a specificity of 90% discriminate between AD and normal aging.36 T-tau in the differentiation between AD and normal Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical aging T-tau has been Intensely studied In more than 2000 AD patients and 1000 age-matched elderly controls over the last 5 to 10 years.23,32,41,43,44,47,52,53,59-82 The

most consistent finding is a statistically significant increase In CSF T-tau In AD. The mean level of CSF T-tau concentration in AD compared with elderly controls approaches 300%. Across the reviewed studies, sensitivity and Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical specificity levels varied with the differently employed control groups, statistical methods, and reference values. Specificity levels were determined between 65% and 86% and sensitivity between 40% and 86%. 83 In several studies, a significant elevation was even found In patients with early dementia.63,70,81 Therefore, In mild Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical dementia, the potential of CSF T-tau to discriminate between AD and normal aging Is high, with a mean sensitivity Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of 75% and specificity of 85%. An age-associated Increase

In T-tau has been shown In nondemented subjects.73,84 Therefore, the effect of age should be considered when T-tau levels are diagnostically employed. Age-dependent reference values for normal T-tau have already been established: ages between 21 and 50 years at <300 pg/mL; ages between 51 to 70 years at <450 pg/mL; and ages between 70 and 93 years at <500 pg/mL.85 T-tau in the differentiation between AD and Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical MD Geriatric major depression (MD) Is an important psychiatric differential diagnosis of AD, as psychopathological symptoms considerably overlap and often only a follow-up assessment allows clear clinical differentiation between both underlying entities. Subgrouping a sample of AD patients, healthy controls (HCs), and patients with MD according to age resulted In a correct classification rate of 94.5% In the “young old” subjects (<70 years of Rolziracetam age) compared with only 68.4% In the “old old” (70 years of age). This report supports the notion that elevated CSF T-tau Is highly Indicative of a neurodegenerative process particularly in subjects younger than 70 years of age.73 T-tau in the differential diagnosis of AD and other neurodegenerative disorders The potential of CSF T-tau, however, Is limited In its ability to discriminate AD from other relevant selleck kinase inhibitor dementia disorders. At a sensitivity level of 81%, CSF T-tau reached a specificity level of only 57% for distinguishing AD from other dementias.