Venoms of Naja naja, Crotalus adamanteus, and Agkistrodon contortrix contortrix showed only trace level activity by comparison. 3 genes comprise the paraoxonase gene family in humans. PON1 is largely connected with higher density lipoprotein, but has organophosphatase, arylesterase, or lactonase activities, and it hydrolyzes a wide array of substrates. PON2 and PON3 are certainly not well studied, but PON2 is known to become a broadly distributed cellular enzyme. Two transcripts had been found in the Protobothrops transcriptome, but none in Ovophis. Both Protobothrops transcripts have been expressed at near zero levels, suggesting that paraoxonase just isn’t a venom component in either of these species. The Protobothrops paraoxonase isozymes share diagnostic residues with all 3 human isozymes and are certainly not clearly related to any one of them. Vespryns Pung et al.
isolated a novel 12 kDa toxin in the venom from the king cobra that acts centrally selleckchem to induce hypolocomotion and pain in mammalian prey. A toxin from Lachesis muta venom was the very first crotalid vespryn as well as a second was sequenced from Crotalus adamanteus venom. The Protobothrops transcrip tome contained a partial, 70 residue vespryn transcript, however the Ovophis transcriptome had none. No vespryn peptides were sequenced. The Protobothrops vespryn is most closely related to that from Lachesis, which also displays a four residue gap from positions 25 28. Only three with the initially 70 residues differ involving these two toxins. The 3 crotalid vespryns are all 28 32 residues longer in the N terminus than the two corresponding toxins from Ophiophagus hannah and Pseudechis australis venoms.
Conclusions Working with two distantly related pit viper species Palomid with various venom compositions, our study illustrates the power of using subsequent generation sequencing in mixture with LCMS profiling for the study of venom chemistry. We have been in a position to detect a wide variety of venom components in both cDNA and in the venom itself. Except for the annotation of protein function, the analytic pipeline was entirely self contained and did not rely on publicly on the market reference databases. Given the decreasing fees of sequencing, along with the growing power of mass spec trometry, this method will probably be increasingly beneficial for poorly studied species that have no previously published reference information, as well as for detecting fundamentally new venom components that might possibly have been missed by earlier investigations. We show, for the first time, that the composition of venom gland mRNA is linearly correlated with protein composition in the venom.