Interestingly, EPA concentrations etc in the NaCl group were the lowest 4 h after induction of ARDS compared to 0 h and 24 h and the highest after 24 h compared to all time points. Similar results could be observed for DHA. Four hours after induction of ARDS, we could measure the highest DHA levels within the LCT MCT FO group compared to all time points and to animals receiving LCT and LCT MCT. Furthermore, highest DHA levels in the NaCl group and LCT MCT group could be detected after 4 h of LPS stimulation. Concerning the n 6 fatty acids LOA and AA, similar kinetics could be detected as concentrations peaked for all treatment groups 4 h after LPS application. Mice infused with LCT had significantly higher LOA levels at baseline compared to NaCl and LCT MCT FO.

After 4 h and 24 h, LOA Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries concentrations in mice receiving LCT were the highest compared to the other treatment groups. 24 h after LPS challenge, AA concentrations in animals infused with LCT were significantly higher than in the LCT MCT FO group. LOA and AA plasma levels in mice receiving LCT MCT and LCT MCT FO were Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries comparable in all groups. Furthermore, the n 9 fatty acid oleic acid displayed highest levels 4 h after LPS application in all groups. After 4 h, LCT infused mice had significantly elevated OA concentrations as compared to NaCl, LCT MCT and LCT MCT FO. Discussion In the present study we investigated the impact of three different commercially available lipid emulsions in a murine model of acute respiratory distress syndrome.

We were able to demonstrate that mice treated with a novel lipid emulsion containing LCT MCT FO displayed reduced pulmonary leukocyte invasion, protein leakage, and cytokine Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries generation compared to animals receiving LCT or LCT MCT. Furthermore, it became evident that the combination the LCT and MCT showed no benefit compared to LCT in LPS induced lung injury despite our observation of reduced levels of the n 6 fatty acids linoleic acid and arachidonic acid in the plasma of mice receiving LCT MCT. A striking finding of our study is the clear immunomodulatory effect of FO containing lipid emulsions on the development and progression of a LPS induced acute lung injury. Several biological mechanisms may have contributed to this beneficial effect of FO Increased provision Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries of n 3 FAs, EPA and DHA, as mirrored in the plasma, may result in augmented incorporation of these FAs into the cell membrane phospholipids and thereby partially replacing AA.

Of note, highest Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries DHA concentrations were found in the NaCl group at 4 h after ARDS induction resembling a feature found in wild type and fat 1 mice. Instead, EPA concentrations were increased in the LCT MCT FO group at this time point. It is open to speculation, if infusion of lipids interfered with the generation selleck inhibitor of free DHA in the course of injury in the groups receiving lipid emulsions and how provision of LCT MCT FO increased availability of releasable EPA.