http://www.selleckchem.com/Akt.html sections were washed again and then reacted with a solution containing avidin-biotin complex (diluted 1:100; Vector; Hsu et al. 1981). After several washes, sections were processed for peroxidase histochemistry using a 0.02% solution of 3,3′-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (DAB; Sigma) in 0.05 mmol/L Tris buffer, pH 7.6 (5 min). After a final rinse in PB, sections were mounted on subbed slides, dehydrated, and then coverslipped. Immunofluorescence

experiments Two further animals (CC-Fl-1-2) were used for this series of experiments. Rats were deeply anesthetized Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical with chloral hydrate and then transcardially perfused with saline followed by 4% paraformaldehyde Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical in PB. After the brains were removed, they were postfixed overnight in the same fixative and then cut as described above into three consecutive sections (one 60 μm and two 40 μm thick). The former sections were first transferred to a solution of 3% H2O2 in PBS for 30 min, to inhibit endogenous peroxidase activity, and then incubated for 1 h in blocking solution. After these steps, sections were rinsed several

times in PBS and then incubated overnight in a Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical cocktail of primary antibodies containing GFAP made in mouse (1:1000) and nNOS made in rabbit (1:800). After washing in PB, sections were incubated in a mixture of species-specific secondary antibodies (1:150) conjugated to fluorescein (FITC) and rhodamine (TRITC; both from Invitrogen Chicago, IL) for 1 h at room temperature. Sections were washed in PB, mounted on slides, dried and coverslipped with Vectashield (Vector). Then 40μm thick sections were reacted for COHi and neutral red counterstaining. Control experiments Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical were performed by omitting one or both primary and/or secondary antibodies. Sections were examined with an Eclipse-E600 microscope (Nikon Instech, Tokyo, Japan) equipped with a confocal imaging system (Microradiance, Bio-Rad, Hemel Hempstead, UK) provided with argon and helium/neon lasers (excitation

Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical 488 and 543 nm). Illustrations were prepared using Bio-Rad’s LaserSharp image analysis much program v. 3.2. Antibody characterization The primary antibodies used in this study are listed in Table ​Table1.1. The GFAP antibody (Clone GA5, MAB 360; Millipore, Billerica, MA) was made in mouse and raised against purified GFAP from porcine spinal cord; on western blot extracts from a human glioma cell line, it recognizes a band of about 51 kDa. The GFAP distribution in the cerebral and cerebellar cortex shown by the antibody was identical to a previous report (Taft et al. 2005). Table 1 List of primary antibodies used in this study The nNOS polyclonal antibody (160870; Cayman, Ann Arbor, MI) was made in rabbit against a peptide corresponding to amino acids 1422–1433 of human nNOS, and has successfully been used in a previous study.