The catalytic effect of silver ions is accomplished by oxidization of the layer of silver sulfide under the specific redox

condition. The dissolution of silver sulfide could be effectively increased when the redox is obviously elevated, which also facilitates the formation of jarosite through the ferric sulfate hydrolysis and the silver is easily wrapped in the structure of the precipitation to form argentojarosite, the related equations are listed as followed, equation(36) Ag2S+2Fe3+→2Ag++2Fe2++S0Ag2S+2Fe3+→2Ag++2Fe2++S0 Navitoclax clinical trial equation(37) Ag2S+O2+4H+→4Ag++2S0+2H2OAg2S+O2+4H+→4Ag++2S0+2H2O equation(38) 3Fe2(SO4)3+14H2O→2(H3O)Fe3(SO4)2(OH)6+5H2SO4 The activation energy of chalcopyrite was potentially reduced from130.7 kJ mol−1 to 29.3 kJ mol−1 by adding silver

ions [101], but not Ag0[22]. The enhancement of leaching from chalcopyrite is reached through redox interactions [19], [144], [145] and [146] by adding the silver ions, not by the galvanic interaction of argentite due to its lower rest potential in compare with chalcopyrite. Recently, Nazari et al. presented the amazing effect and proposed the mechanism of the catalytic effects of silver-enhanced pyrite AZD2281 clinical trial in ferric sulfate media [148] and [149]. Whereas, considering the relatively expensive cost and operational capital, the application of silver catalyst in Adenosine triphosphate leaching of chalcopyrite has the realistic difficulty in implementation. Bioleaching is broadly used in the heap leaching of secondary copper sulfide minerals. There are some inevitable issues in respect with leaching of the primary copper sulfides due to the refractory characteristics, under ambient temperature conditions [133]. Chalcopyrite is widely studied in terms of the leaching of primary copper sulfides [20], [21] and [133], because of the extensive resource stockpile and classic representative in the world. Mt. Lyell operation in Tasmania Australia showed the viability and considerable prospect in terms of the commercial operation by using moderately

thermophilic bacteria to leach a finely ground concentrate based on the scale of pilot trial during one year. Watling et al. presented the moderately thermophilic Sulfobacillus bacteria were less tolerant with the concentration of soluble metal ions and also proposed the adaptability of the bacteria to the specific leaching environment, based on the bench-scale studies [20]. Bacterial growth is affected by many inhibitors in tank and heap bioleaching. The bacterial adaptation to the leaching environment could be elevated and achieved by a lengthy process of progressive pre-adapted practice to specific conditions, such as shearing stress, aeration velocity, redox, potential, temperature, pulp concentrations and pH [16] and [150].