After washing the column with washing buffer (20 mM Tris HCl, 500 mM NaCl, and 2 mM dithiothreitol, pH 8.0), the amino termini of the T3SS2 effectors were eluted using elution buffer (20 mM Tris HCl, 200 mM NaCl, and 10 mM glutathione, pH 8.0). Eluted samples were used for the identification of proteins that copurified with the amino termini of T3SS2 effectors. Protein samples were separated using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide click here gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) followed by silver

staining. Protein bands were excised from the gel and digested in situ using Trypsin Gold (Promega). The digested samples were analyzed using nanocapillary reverse-phase LC–MS/MS using a C18 column (φ 75 μm) on a nanoLC system (Ultimate; LC Packings) coupled to a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer (QTOF Ultima; Waters). Direct injection data-dependent acquisition was performed using one MS channel for every three MS/MS channels and dynamic exclusion for selected ions. Proteins were identified through searching databases using Mascot Server (Matrix Science). The ΔvocC strain of V. parahaemolyticus POR-1 was constructed as described previously (Kodama et al., 2002; Ono et al., 2006) using the following specific primers: ΔvocC-1: 5′-GGCCGGATCCCAATACCTTGAATAAGTACCGAGTGTTATATAAG-3′; ΔvocC-2:

5′-CTACATAGATATTAGTTATAGTTTCACTTCAGAAGCCCGCAGTGTTCTCATATTGATTCCTTG-3′; IWR-1 clinical trial ΔvocC-3: 5′-CAAGGAATCAATATGAGAACACTGCGGGCTTCTGAAGTGAAA CTATA ACTAATATCTATGTAG-3′; and ΔvocC-4: 5′-CCGGCTGCAGGCATGACGTAGCCATTAACGTATCAATTAAAGG-3′. The resultant plasmid in E. coli SM10λpir was used for homologous recombination in V. parahaemolyticus. Isogenic mutants encoding the gene for the translational fusion VopC1–30–CyaA2–405 (Bordetella adenylate cyclase) in wild-type and ∆vocC strains were constructed by homologous recombination using pYAK1. Bacterial culture was maintained under T3SS-inducing Oxaprozin conditions at 37 °C. After a 3-h incubation, the bacterial culture was separated into culture supernatants and bacterial pellets using centrifugation. The supernatant was filtered through a 0.22-μm-pore filter, and 10% sodium deoxycholate and ice-cold 100% trichloroacetate

were then added to a final concentration of 0.1% and 10%, respectively. Samples were kept on ice for 1 h and then centrifuged at 21 000 g for 20 min at 4 °C. Precipitates were washed with ice-cold acetone followed by centrifugation. The resulting precipitates and bacterial pellets were analyzed using SDS-PAGE before Western blotting using rabbit antisera against VopC, VopL, VopD1, or VopD2. The antibody against GroEL was purchased from MBL (Nagoya, Japan). Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains were grown under T3SS-inducing conditions for 3 h. After the incubation, the bacteria were collected and RNA was isolated using the RNeasy Mini kit (Qiagen). RNA purification was followed by reverse transcription using Superscript III (Invitrogen) and random hexamers (Takara Bio).