UV-vis absorption spectroscopy is the most widely used technique for characterizing

the optical properties and electronic structure of nanoparticles, because the absorption bands are related to the diameter and different aspect ratios of metal nanoparticles, including size and shape [42]. As shown in Figure  1, the spectra of AuNP synthesis showed a gradual increase in the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) excitation peak centered at 520 nm, which is characteristic of AuNPs [11, 43]. This further indicates Alpelisib nmr that the mushroom extract could be useful as a reducing agent for AuNP synthesis. Control reactions in the absence of mushroom extract exhibited no change in color or absorbance at 520 nm, clearly indicating that the protein and polysaccharides found in the extract are responsible for biosynthesis of AuNPs. Previous studies demonstrated that metal biotransformation might involve a complex of either capping proteins/peptides and reductases, quinines, cytochromes, phytochelatins, or electron

shuttles that are known to reduce various metals and metal oxides [11, 43–46]. Das et al. [47] proposed possible mechanisms of AuNP synthesis in Rhizopus oryzae. The first mechanism is binding of Au (III) on the cell wall through electrostatic interaction followed by reduction to AuNPs by proteins/enzymes present on the cell wall, and the second is diffusion or transportation of Au (III) into the cytoplasm and protein/enzymatic reduction Fossariinae to form AuNPs. Taken together, these results indicate that BTK inhibition AuNP synthesis could be facilitated by the presence of proteins in the extract. XRD analysis of AuNPs The crystalline nature of as-prepared AuNPs was confirmed using XRD. The XRD spectrum shows two predominant peaks that agree with Bragg’s reflection of AuNPs reported

in a previous study, which used extracellular and intracellular culture supernatant of Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus[48]. The diffraction peaks, which appeared at 31.6°C and 45.4°C corresponded to the (111) and (200) planes, respectively (Figure  2). No extra peak was observed in the diffraction peaks, which indicates that the as-prepared AuNPs were highly purified without any contamination. Figure 2 X-ray diffraction spectra of AuNPs. Gupta and Bector [48] observed four different intense peaks at 2θ angle: 38.22, 44.42, 64.71, and 77.62 with Bragg reflections corresponding to (111), (200), (220), and (311) in biomass-associated AuNPs. Alternatively, only a single prominent peak was observed at 2θ angle: 38.22 with a Bragg reflection corresponding to (111) in extracellular AuNPs. Our present findings are consistent with earlier studies that used biological methods to synthesize AuNPs using plant extracts [49–51], yeast [16], and bacteria [20]. FTIR analysis The AuNPs synthesized by Ganoderma spp.