This PCR fragment was digested with BamHI and HindIII and ligated into BamHI/HindIII digested pGV15 to form pGV16 (prolearn more OmpA-177 L3 FLAG-Pal-LEDPPAEF-mCherry). The LEDPPAEF linker was copied from [20]. OmpA-177 L3 FLAG was PCR-ed from pGV4 with primers proOmpANcoIFW and OmpAEcoRIRV, digested with NcoI/EcoRI and cloned into pTHV37 to form pGV17 (proOmpA-177 Loop 3 FLAG followed by 30 residues from the vector). A mCherry fragment from pGV16 was transferred to pGV17 via

EcoRI/HindIII (proOmpA-177 L3 FLAG-mCherry) forming pGV18. OmpA-177-SA1 was PCR-ed from pB33OS1 [22] with primers proOmpANcoIFW and OmpAEcoRIRV, digested with NcoI and EcoRI and ligated into likewise digested pGV18 to form pGV30. Table 2 DNA primers used in this study Name ICG-001 mw Sequence proOmpANcoIFW 5-CGGCAGCCATGGCAAAAAAGACAGCTATCGCG-3 OmpAXhoIPstIRV 5-ATTACTGCAGTTAGCTCGAGGGAGCTGCTTCGCCCTG-3 PalXhoIFW 5-TTAACTCGAGCAACAAGAACGCCAGCAATGAC-3 PalBamHIHindIIIRV 5-TAGGAAGCTTAAGGATCCTCAAGGTAAACCAGTACCGCACGAC-3 Proteasome inhibition mCherryFW 5-CCGGGATCCCCCCGCTGAATTCATGGTGAGCAAGGGCGAGG-3 mCherryHindIIIRV 5-TAATAAGCTTACTTGTACAGCTCGTCCATGC-3 OmpAEcoRIRV 5-ATTAGAATTCAGCGGGGGGATCCTCAAGTGGAGCTGCTTCGCCCTG-3 pGI10 was created as follows. A mCherry fragment from pGV16 was transferred

to pGI9 (OmpA-LEDPPAEF) [10] via EcoRI/HindIII. All cloning was performed in either DH5α-Z1 or DH5α (Table 1). FRAP experiment Cells are grown for ~15 hours to exponential phase in EZ defined Rich glucose (DRu) medium with 100 μM IPTG at 28°C (“pulse”). Then at OD550 < 0.2, cells are washed two times with DRu medium, and diluted to OD~0.05. Cephalexin and ampicillin are added at a concentration of 10 and 100 μg/ml respectively and the cells are grown for an additional 2 hours (“chase”). Then, the filaments are incubated for 30 min at room temperature.

Imaging is at room temperature. The sample consists of two object slides, one of which has an oval shape mechanically cut out, stuck together using vacuum grease (see also [38]). Molten DRu agar containing cephalexin and ampicillin is poured inside, and a silanized cover slip is added to create a flat agar surface. After the agar has solidified, the silanized not slip is removed, the agar is allowed to dry in for 5 min, before 2 × 5 μl cells are pipetted on the agar. Finally, a chromo-sulfuric acid cleaned cover slip is placed on top and fixed in place with vacuum grease. This creates a sealed chamber with the elongated cells lying on the agar, and the imaging is through the cover slip. The setup consists of a Nikon Eclipse Ti inverted TIRF/epi microscope equipped with a MAG Biosystems FRAP-3D unit and a Photometrics QuantEM 512SC EM-CCD camera (Roper Scientific), controlled with Metamorph software. A laser system provides green light at 561 nm. Typical FRAP setting is 100% power, duration 5–50 ms. Imaging mode is TIRF in epi-mode (TIRF angle ~90°), Nikon’s Perfect Focusing System (PFS) is used to keep filament in focus during the time-lapse imaging after bleaching.