Prostanoid receptor-specific agonists failed to activate adenylyl cyclase in undifferentiated and NGF-treated

PC12 cells: neither did they stimulate phospholipase C activity. EP3 receptor agonists and PGF(2 alpha) were the only active ligands, able to inhibit forskolin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity. PC] 2 cells expressed EP3 and FP receptor mRNA, but only the responses to EP3 receptor agonists were inhibited by the EP3 receptor antagonist ONO-AE3-240. The functional role of NGF-stimulated COX-1 remains to be determined since we found no strong evidence of a role for EP3 receptors in the morphological changes induced by NGF during the early stages of differentiation of PC12 cells. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The involvement of different brain regions in place- and response-learning was examined using a water cross-maze. ICG-001 Rats were trained to find the goal from the initial arm by turning left at the choice point (egocentric strategy) or by using environmental cues (allocentric strategy). Although different strategies were required, the same maze and learning conditions were used. Using cytochrome oxidase histochemistry as a marker of cellular activity, the function of the 13 diverse cortical and subcortical regions was assessed in rats performing these two

tasks. Our results show that allocentric learning depends on the recruitment of a large functional network, which includes the hippocampal CA3, dentate gyrus, medial mammillary nucleus Bindarit purchase and supramammillary nucleus. Along with the striatum, these last three structures are also related Urease to egocentric spatial learning. The present study provides evidence for the contribution of these regions to spatial navigation and supports a possible functional interaction between the two memory systems, as their structural convergence

may facilitate functional cooperation in the behaviours guided by more than one strategy. In summary, it can be argued that spatial learning is based on dynamic functional systems in which the interaction of brain regions is modulated by task requirements. (c) 2012 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Papillomavirus genomes are thought to be amplified to about 100 copies per cell soon after infection, maintained constant at this level in basal cells, and amplified for viral production upon keratinocyte differentiation. To determine the requirement for E1 in viral DNA replication at different stages, an E1-defective mutant of the human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) genome featuring a translation termination mutation in the E1 gene was used. The ability of the mutant HPV16 genome to replicate as nuclear episomes was monitored with or without exogenous expression of E1. Unlike the wild-type genome, the E1-defective HPV16 genome became established in human keratinocytes only as episomes in the presence of exogenous E1 expression.