Leukemia (2012) 26, 332-339; doi:10.1038/leu.2011.203; ublished online 20 September 2011″
“Mood states are associated with alterations in cerebral blood flow and metabolism, yet changes in cerebral structure are typically viewed in the context of enduring traits, genetic predispositions, or the outcome of chronic psychiatric illness. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were obtained from two groups of patients with bipolar disorder.
In one group, patients met criteria for a current major depressive Evofosfamide episode whereas in the other no patient did. No patient in either group met criteria for a current manic, hypomanic, or mixed episode. Groups were matched with respect to age and illness severity. Analyses of gray matter density were performed with Statistical Parametric Mapping software (SPM5). Compared with non-depressed bipolar subjects, depressed bipolar subjects exhibited lower gray matter density in the right dorsolateral and bilateral dorsomedial prefrontal cortices and portions of the left parietal lobe. In addition, gray matter density was greater in the left temporal lobe and right posterior cingulate cortex/parahippocampal gyrus in depressed than in non-depressed subjects. Our findings highlight the importance of mood state in structural studies of the brain-an issue that has received insufficient attention to date. Moreover, our observed differences in gray matter density overlap metabolic
areas of change LY2090314 mw and thus have implications for the conceptualization and treatment of affective disorders. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.”
“In
the present study, we observed variations in the expression pattern of proteins isolated from the telencephalon of goldfish (Carassius auratus). The expression of a 28 kDa protein was elevated in the individuals trained in a spatial task when compared with the untrained individuals. The similar to 28 kDa protein was analyzed using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry; further, the data were analyzed using the MASCOT search engine. The analysis showed that the similar to 28 kDa protein is a beta form of 14-3-3 protein with 35.1% identity. In addition, the semiquantitative PCR confirmed the variation in the expression of 14-3-3 between the trained and the untrained groups. Subsequently, we examined the effect of upregulation find more of 14-3-3 (beta) in the neurotransmitters; that is, serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) and dopamine (DA). Notably, the level of 5-HT and DA was found to be significantly elevated in the telencephalon of individuals trained in the spatial task than in the untrained individuals. Our results suggest that the spatial learning increases the expression of 14-3-3 (beta), which in turn leads to an increase in the level of 5-HT and DA. The upregulated 5-HT and DA may facilitate synapse formation during spatial learning in a novel environment.