1 and sp. 2 with shorter COI barcode segments (478bp) of Culex from Brazil [48], they also did not cluster with Cx. bidens Dyar, Cx. corniger Theobald, Cx. coronator Dyar & Knab, or Cx. nigripalpus, species selleck Enzastaurin that have been recorded for the states of Sonora and/or Sinaloa [49].4.2. Population StructureField studies suggest that both Cx. quinquefasciatus and Cx. tarsalis show relatively high dispersal capability [44]. The AMOVA results of preliminary microsatellite data on Cx. quinquefasciatus from seven widely separated Sonoran Desert localities, including localities separated by the Gulf of California (Figure 1), showed that most of the pairwise comparisons of FST were not significant, consistent with a pattern of high gene flow.
None of the pairwise comparisons of FST between the peninsular locality at Santa Rosal��a and five mainland localities were significant. The most isolated locality at Bah��a Tortugas on the Pacific coast of the peninsula also showed a lack of structure between both Guaymas and Hermosillo, although the pairwise comparisons with the other three mainland localities were significant. These results are in contrast to the findings from microsatellite studies on the closely related Cx. pipiens in Colorado in which significant structure was found among populations within the state [7]. Our results, however, are similar to those obtained from microsatellite studies on Cx. pipiens populations from several states in northeastern USA in which most pairwise comparisons among populations were not significant [40].
Our findings are also consistent with results from several species of native cactophilic dipterans which show little or no structure within mainland and peninsular populations, and, in the case of Drosophila nigrospiracula and D. mettleri, no apparent structure between peninsular and mainland populations [50]. Because we were unable to distinguish Culex sp. 1 and sp. 2 from Cx. quinquefasciatus using morphological characters, we cannot rule out the possibility that individuals of these two unidentified putative species were present in our sample assigned to Cx. quinquefasciatus from Navojoa used for microsatellite analysis. None of the Navojoa DNA samples identified as Cx. quinquefasciatus and analyzed for microsatellites were sequenced for COI to confirm their identity. As mentioned earlier, DNA extracted from six individuals of Cx.
quinquefasciatus from Hermosillo were analyzed for both molecular markers. The observation that no significant population structure was Entinostat found between Cx. quinquefasciatus from Hermosillo and each of the other populations (Table 3), and the observation that no individuals of Culex sp. 1 and sp. 2 were found at Hermosillo, suggests that few, if any, of the individuals in our microsatellite sample from Navojoa contained Culex sp. 1 and sp. 2. Previous studies have examined the population genetic structure of Cx. tarsalis in western USA utilizing microsatellite markers [51, 52].