2006). In contrast, ECT in Asia it is regarded as an “antipsychotic” agent (Little 2003; Chanpattana et al. 2005a, b, 2010; Chanpattana and selleck Kramer 2004; Ahikari et al. 2008). Discrepancies in indication could be due to differences in diagnostic practice, a lower recognition, and under treatment of depressive disorder, and also lower mental health care budgets (Chanpattana and Kramer 2004). In contrast to Asia, the typical ECT patient in the United States is said to be an elderly white female paying for treatment with insurance or private funds (Kramer 1999). Higher ECT treatment rates Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical are found among Caucasian

white ethnicity in Pennsylvania (Sylvester et al. 2000), England (Department of Health 2007), and Pacritinib Sigma Western Australia (Teh et al. 2005), which might imply discriminatory factors in treatment selection. Worldwide, there is a general tendency toward a low, within-country, ECT provision by psychiatric institutions, varying from below 6% in USA (Kramer 1999), to 23–51% Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical in Europe (Benadhira and Teles 2001; Sienaert et al. 2005a, 2006; Bertolin-Guillen et al. 2006; van Waarde et al. 2009; Schweder

et al. 2011a), 66% in Australia (Chanpattana 2007), and 59–78% in Asia (Chanpattana et al. 2005a, b). In Norway, institutions even have waiting lists for ECT treatment (Schweder et al. 2011b). Altogether, this might indicate a trend toward ECT being provided by specialized units, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical but could also be a result of worldwide paucity in ECT training (Duffett and Lelliott 1998; Chanpattana et al. 2005a, b; Chanpattana and Kramer 2004), and even changing treatment trends. ECT has for a long time been over held as a last-resort

treatment for medication-resistant and Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical very severe life-threatening clinical conditions (McCall 2001; Eranti and McLoughlin 2003), as reported from USA (Prudic et al. 2001). However, a transformation in ECT indication into first-line acute treatment (life saving, catatonia, previous good response, and patient preference) is apparent not only in Europe (Muller et al. 1998; Duffett et al. 1999; Zeren et al. 2003; Schweder et al. 2011a), Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical but also in Saudi Arabia (Alhamad 1999) and Australia (Lamont et al. 2011). Although world widely ECT is mainly administered Cilengitide by psychiatrists and trainee psychiatrists, another change is that of other professions than psychiatrists (geriatricians and nurses) administering ECT in Europe (van Waarde et al. 2009; Schweder et al. 2011b). The trend toward increasing ambulatory ECT and ECT use among outpatients in Europe (15–19%) (Duffett et al. 1999; Department of Health 2007; Enriquez et al. 2010; Schweder et al. 2011b) is conceivably, parallel to other ambulatory treatment tendencies, out of the best interest to the recovering patient and his caregivers. Overall, the report of side effects, adverse events, and mortality rates is sparse. Although mortality rate is reported from Thailand (0.