As one might expect, imaging changes signifying decreased renal function preceded the appearance of biochemical markers of kidney dysfunction. Furthermore, significant reduction of relative function (by scintigraphy) of the primarily irradiated kidney and reduction of global function (by creatinine clearance) were detectable as early as 6 months after treatment. Lastly, the authors correlated dosimetric characteristics with poorer renal function. Specifically the relative volume of kidney receiving either 25 Gy (V25) or 40 Gy (V40) were correlated with poorer Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical renal

function, with mean kidney dose trending toward statistical significance in this context. It is unclear if any threshold effect was present in regards to specific dosimetric parameters and any of the renal toxicity outcomes measured. The most widely used guidelines enumerating the tolerance of normal tissues to radiation were those originally published by Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Emami and colleagues.(2) More recently, Dawson and colleagues(3) have also offered specific recommendations and general treatment guidelines. In regards to whole kidney radiation tolerance, the threshold dose for any radiation-induced injury is estimated at 15 Gy.

Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical However, much of this data is based largely on retrospective chart reviews and clinical observations. Similarly, individual experiences of Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical clinical groups form the basis for partial kidney tolerance estimates noted above. Objective data regarding toxicity, particularly in the current era with the increased use of concurrent chemoradiation, is sparse. This study presents some important findings regarding renal toxicity in the era of chemoradiation therapy. First, the fact that post-treatment outcome endpoints can be correlated with pre-treatment radiation dose-volume parameters offers Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the

possibility of preventing radiation nephropathy. Second, even if renal NVP-BEZ235 cost dysfunction could not have been predicted a priori, the early detection of dysfunction offers the possibility of early intervention to reduce long-term consequences of radiation nephropathy. On both these fronts, preventing radiation nephropathy and intervening early as 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase a means of prophylaxis from late renal damage, recent advances in radiation oncology and biology provide some future directions. Based on dosimetric parameters predicting renal dysfunction, it is conceivable that more conformal radiotherapy techniques (intensity modulation, charged particles, etc), image-guided radiotherapy, and respiratory-gating or breath-hold treatments may allow significant sparing of the kidney(s) while still adequately encompassing the large geographical areas at risk for recurrence of many gastrointestinal tumors. Recognizing that dose per fraction is one of the key predictors of all late toxicities, lower fractional doses may also offer some relative renal sparing.