A colony PCR method for the amplification of 16S rRNA genes [28], used primers 27f and 1492r [29]. The transformation of E. coli strains was performed according to the method of Kushner [30]. Triparental mating was performed as described previously [31]. Identification and analysis of a pool of TEs Trap plasmid pMAT1 [20], containing sacB of Bacillus subtilis, was introduced into Halomonas SU5416 clinical trial sp. ZM3R. Overnight cultures of the kanamycin and rifampin resistant transconjugants were spread on plates of solidified LB medium supplemented with sucrose. The sacB gene encodes levansucrase, an enzyme whose activity (in the presence

of sucrose) leads to accumulation of toxic compounds in the bacterial cell [32]. Therefore, cultivation of cells carrying the functional sacB gene in medium containing sucrose results in cell lysis. This allows direct selection of sacB mutants

(Sucr) (e.g. carrying inserted TEs), whose growth is not Selleck Talazoparib affected under these conditions. The plasmids of 100 Sucr clones were analyzed for the presence of inserted TEs. DNA sequencing The complete nucleotide Lonafarnib mw sequence of plasmid pZM3H1 was determined by the DNA Sequencing and Oligonucleotide Synthesis Laboratory (oligo.pl) at the Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences. High-throughput sequencing of the MID-tagged shotgun plasmid-library was performed using an FLX Titanium Genome Sequencer (Roche/454 Life Sciences). Newbler de novo assembler software (Roche) was used for the sequence assembly. Final gap closure and sequence polishing were performed by capillary sequencing of PCR products using an ABI3730xl DNA Analyzer (Applied Biosystems). Nucleotide sequences of the insertion sequences were obtained using the primer walking approach

with a dye VAV2 terminator sequencing kit and an automated sequencer (ABI 377 Perkin Elmer; oligo.pl). Bioinformatics Plasmid nucleotide sequences were analyzed using Clone Manager (Sci-Ed8) and Artemis software [33]. Similarity searches were performed using the BLAST programs [34] provided by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) (http://​blast.​ncbi.​nlm.​nih.​gov/​Blast.​cgi) and the PRIAM tool [35]. Comparison searches of insertion sequences were performed with ISfinder [36]. Helix-turn-helix motifs were predicted using the HELIX-TURN-HELIX MOTIF PREDICTION program [37]. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using the Phylogeny Inference Package – PHYLIP v3.69 [38], applying the neighbor-joining (NJ) algorithm with Kimura corrected distances and 1000 bootstrap replicates. DNA sequence alignments obtained with ClustalW [39] were manually refined using the T-Coffee Multiple Sequence Alignment program [40]. Highly variable portions of the alignments were eliminated by the use of G-blocks [41]. The tree was rendered with TreeView version 1.6.6. [42].