Against Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE) linezolid, tigecycline, quinupristin/dalfopristin, or daptomycin should be considered. Empirical treatment against Enterococci and has not been generally

recommended for patients who have community-acquired intra-abdominal infections [103]. However Enterococci isolation may be a risk factor for treatment failure and it has been suggested that if initial antibiotic ON-01910 research buy therapy does not cover for Enterococci, patients may have an increased risk of postoperative complications and death [159, 160]. Recently Riché et al. [161] published a prospective observational study involving 180 consecutive patients with secondary generalized peritonitis (community-acquired and postoperative) which analyzed clinical and buy Mocetinostat bacteriological factors associated with the occurrence of shock and mortality in patients with secondary generalized peritonitis.

selleck screening library Frequency of septic shock was 41% and overall mortality rate was 19%. Patients with septic shock had a mortality rate of 35%, versus 8% for patients without shock. Septic shock occurrence and mortality rate were not different between community-acquired and postoperative peritonitis. Age over 65, two or more microorganisms, or anaerobes in peritoneal fluid culture were independent risk factors of shock. Intraperitoneal yeasts and Enterococci were associated with septic shock in community-acquired peritonitis. Their findings supported the deleterious role of Enterococcus species in peritoneal fluid, reinforcing the need of prospective trials to evaluate systematic treatment against these microorganisms in patients with secondary peritonitis. Enterococcal infection should be suspected in patients with post-operative or nosocomial infections, in patients with recent exposure to broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents especially cephalosporins, in immunocompromised patients and in patients with valvular heart disease or prosthetic intravascular materials

[103]. Expanded spectrum agents against enterocci should be also recommended for these patients with severe sepsis and septic shock in which a de escalation approach of an initially broad antimicrobial regimen to scale when definitive culture results are available [162, 163]. For community-acquired (-)-p-Bromotetramisole Oxalate biliary infection, antimicrobial activity against enterococci should be not required, because the pathogenicity of enterococci has not been demonstrated. For selected immunosuppressed patients, particularly those with hepatic transplantation, enterococcal infections may be significant and require treatment also for community-acquired biliary infection [103]. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is the other multiresistant Gram-positive nosocomial pathogen that causes severe morbidity and mortality worldwide. Methicillin-resistant S.