An overnight culture of S. Typhimurium SL1344 (cultivated in 20 ml LB broth supplemented with 100 μg/ml nalidixic acid) was centrifuged at 1500 g for 30 minutes at 5°C and https://www.selleckchem.com/products/cobimetinib-gdc-0973-rg7420.html re-suspended in basal medium. The culture was inoculated in basal medium supplemented with test carbohydrates to an initial OD600 of 0.01. The fermentation study was performed under anaerobic conditions at 37°C, 200 rpm for 24 hours with recording of the initial and 24 h OD600 and pH values. A positive control (glucose) and a blank

control with no additional carbon source added were included in the study. The sterility of the basal medium and carbohydrates was tested by incubation without bacterial inoculation. pH was measured before and after fermentation. Growth on a given carbohydrate was defined as significant difference from the OD600 measured in the blank sample after fermentation. All fermentations were performed in triplicate. Statistical analysis All parameters were analysed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Where ANOVA indicated a significant difference Student’s t-test was used to compare dietary groups with control. All statistical analyses were carried out using

SAS JMP 6.0.2. P values of < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Acknowledgements The authors thank Bodil Madsen, Kate Vibefeldt and Margrethe Carlsen for their excellent and indispensable technical assistance, Anne Ørngreen and employees CFTR inhibitor at the animal facility for professional handling of the animals, and Isabelle Hautefort for providing the P22 lysate of strain JH3016. The study was supported by The Danish Council for Strategic Research through a grant given to TRL. References 1. Servin AL: Antagonistic activities of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria against microbial pathogens. Fems Microbiology Reviews 2004, 28:405–440.CrossRefPubMed

2. Cummings JH, Antoine JM, Azpiroz F, Bourdet-Sicard R, Brandtzaeg P, Calder PC, Gibson GR, Guarner F, Isolauri E, Pannemans D, Shortt C, Sandra Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin S, Tuijtelaars S, Watzl B: LY333531 molecular weight PASSCLAIM – Gut health and immunity. European Journal of Nutrition 2004, 43:118–173.CrossRef 3. Stecher B, Hardt WD: The role of microbiota in infectious disease. Trends Microbiol 2008, 16:107–114.CrossRefPubMed 4. Guarner F: Studies with inulin-type fructans on intestinal infections, permeability, and inflammation. J Nutr 2007, 137:2568S-2571S.PubMed 5. Nomoto K: Prevention of infections by probiotics. J Biosci Bioeng 2005, 100:583–592.CrossRefPubMed 6. Gibson GR, Roberfroid MB: Dietary Modulation of the Human Colonic Microbiota – Introducing the Concept of Prebiotics. Journal of Nutrition 1995, 125:1401–1412.PubMed 7. Gibson GR, Probert HM, Van Loo J, Rastall RA, Roberfroid MB: Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: updating the concept of prebiotics. Nutrition Research Reviews 2004, 17:259–275.CrossRefPubMed 8.