Attention refers to the awareness [35]. Attention is the ability to focus or sustain on an action without interference such information from external stimuli. Davenport and Beck [36] stated Veliparib PARP that attention is the ability to focus on specific items, while Dumont [37] pointed out that focused attention is the same as concentration. Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries Jensen [38] stated that attention in an educational environment usually refers to an externally focused concentration. Concentration or attention plays an important role in improved learning [39,40], as students must focus on the learning materials, and then continue to do so for some time if they are to retain the information they contain [41,42].

Corno [43] pointed out that enhances learning outcomes are often seem for students with high concentration or motivation and student concentration is a key factor in the Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries effectiveness of instructors’ teaching strategies [44].

In Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries general, understanding the individual Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries learning status of each student can help instructors develop more appropriate teaching strategies and enhance the quality of learning that occurs in the classroom. However, in traditional classroom instructors usually Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries need to teach many students at once, Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries and thus it is difficult for instructors to pay attention to the learning status of each student to give them appropriate assistance. In the current study, reading concentration refers to the attention that is focused on reading or learning. Delgado et al.

indicated that students’ learning concentration is a crucial factor in their learning performance [45], and while Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries concentration can be easily observed from the students’ behavior [46], it is hard to analyze using technology.

Therefore, some studies have tried to examine learning concentration by using sensor technologies, and the results indicate that this approach can be effective [30,31]. In addition, by using sensor technologies instructors can understand some Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries of the crucial factors that reveal learning concentration, including facial expressions, and eye and body movements.Monitoring learning Entinostat behavior by using sensor technologies in an educational environment is a challenging exercise, especially when various different sensors are used, and the data needs to be combined.

Over the past AV-951 few years, several studies have used an artificial bee colony algorithm (ABC) to solve different combinatorial selleck chem Erlotinib problems [47], and Karaboga [48] indicated that the performance of the ABC is better than, or at least similar to, that of an MEK162 evolutionary strategy (ES) or particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO).In recent years the Taiwanese government has conducted a series of e-learning experimental projects [49], examining the use of intelligent classrooms, e-books, and digital Chinese learning materials. An intelligent classroom is defined as a classroom that integrates of information technology, such as interactive whiteboards, e-books, and sensors, to facilitate the teacher teaching and enhance student learning.