erves as the repository of the diapause program. In pupal diapause species, photoperiodic signal is perceived by larval brain during diapause induction. selleck Imatinib Then gene expression changes affected by photoperiod are first present in diapause preparation phase which follows diapause induction to regulate specific metabo lism for diapause. It is well known that after pupation, a shut down of prothoracicotropic hormone in the brain and ecdysteroids in the prothoracic gland cause diapause initiation. Meola and Adkisson demonstrated that the shut down of PTTH is found in day 0 of pupal brain of Helicoverpa zea, a closely related species Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries to H. armigera. Thus, these differentially expressed genes isolated from the two libraries in day 1 2 pupal brain of H. armigera for diapause initiation are in response to hormones, but not photoperiodic signal.

In H. armigera, the photosensitive stage for diapsuse induction is from 5th instar to early stage of 6th instar. This is little different compared to Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries H. armigera popula tion from Okayama, whose photosensitive stage for diapause induction is the early fifth instar. After pupation, H. armigera diapause type pupae are trans ferred into L14,10D photoperiod, all pupae will enter diapause, and all pupae will develop without diapause even if nondiapause type pupae are transferred into L10,14D photoperiod. Apparently, photoperiod regime does not affect pupal diapause or development. The most remarkable characteristic of insect diapause is strong metabolic suppression. For example, in dia pausing pupae of the flesh fly, Sarcophaga argyrostoma, the metabolic rate is approximately 90% lower than in nondiapause counterparts.

Therefore, diapause was thought to represent a shutdown in gene expression. However, Joplin et al. and Flannagan et al. demonstrated that diapause should be a unique develop mental pathway rather than a simple shutdown of gene expression. Recently, the proteomic analysis of the brain at diapause initiation has been reported, suggesting that the expression of many diapause Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries specific genes in the brain accompanies certain down regulated genes. Thus, identification of diapause associated genes at dia pause initiation is the first step to understand the com plex process of diapause. In the present paper, we isolated 304 diapause specific mRNAs from H.

armigera brain using SSH, and the subset of these genes with sequences similar to known genes in GenBank were classified according to their functions. Furthermore, we evaluated their mRNA expression at diapause initiation by RT PCR and Northern Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries blot analysis, and investigated the expression patterns of four important genes by RT PCR and Western blot analysis, showing that these genes may be associated with diapause initiation. From the SSH F library, we found a high percentage of undescribed AV-951 sequences. Some sequences may correspond to 3 or 5 untranslated regions, learn more so it is impossible to find their homologues in protein data bases. However, most of these undescribed s