Four studies reported compliance of at least 80% ( Barnard et al 2000, Feiereisen et al 2007, Pu et al 2001, Tyni-Lenné et al 2001), and one study reported’excellent’ compliance ( Beckers et al 2008). Two studies reported compliance with means of 75% and 78% respectively ( Cider et al 1997, Mandic et

al 2009) and one study did not report compliance ( Selig et al 2004). Among all of the studies, only one sudden death was reported, which occurred at home three days after Ku-0059436 supplier the most recent resistance training session. One drop-out was reported in the resistance training group due to noncompliance ( Table 3). One study reported that four patients had intermittent mild musculoskeletal symptoms during resistance training with minor modification of their training protocol afterwards ( Pu et al 2001). No safety issues were reported PI3K inhibitor cancer by either the resistance training alone or combined aerobic training studies. Interventions: Four studies ( Cider et al 1997, Pu et al 2001, Selig et al 2004, Tyni-Lenné et al 2001) compared resistance training alone with usual activity, usual care, or sham exercise. The other four studies ( Barnard et al 2000, Beckers et al 2008, Feiereisen et al 2007, Mandic et al 2009) studied combined (resistance and aerobic) training versus aerobic training groups. All the training programs

were supervised. The length of training ranged from 2 to 6 months. The intensity for resistance training was nearly moderate or about 50–75% of one repetition maximum

(1RM), while aerobic training on a treadmill or cycle ergometer was moderate to vigorous intensity. Two studies used high intensity exercise at 80% of 1RM, with no exercise-induced cardiac events reported (Barnard et al 2000, Pu et al 2001). The resistance training usually consisted of 2 sets of 8–12 repetitions for 5–6 exercises targeting the large muscle groups of upper limbs, trunk, and lower limbs. The exercise duration was around 30–60 minutes and exercise frequency was 2–3 times per week. One study included respiratory muscle training as one of the nine exercises (Beckers et al 2008). This was the largest number of exercises among the eight studies. We examined by separate analyses the effect of resistance training alone or in combination with aerobic training. Four studies reported cardiac function, seven reported exercise capacity, and five reported quality of life. All reported whether there were adverse events. Cardiac function: The effect of resistance training alone on cardiac function was examined in one trial ( Pu et al 2001), with no significant difference in left ventricular ejection fraction compared to control (MD 1.8%, 95% CI –5.7 to 9.3).