glutamicum cells and found that several whiB-like genes play important roles in oxidative stress responses (Kim et al., 2005; Choi et al., 2009; Lee et al., 2012). The whiB gene was originally identified in selleck chemicals llc Streptomyces coelicolor as a developmental regulatory gene and was shown to play an essential role in the sporulation of aerial hyphae (Davis & Chater, 1992). In S. coelicolor, 14 whiB-like genes are present (Bentley et al., 2004), whereas only seven genes have been identified in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Alam et al., 2009). The whiB-like genes are involved in diverse cellular processes, such as stress response, antibiotic resistance,

cell division, etc. (Gomez & Bishai, 2000; Steyn et al., 2002; Kim et al., 2005; Geiman et al., 2006; Choi et al., 2009). The WhiB-like proteins contain conserved cysteine residues (den Hengst & Buttner, 2008), which typically coordinate Fe–S cluster. In general, the cluster loss reaction followed by oxidation of the coordinating cysteine thiols, which form disulfide bridges, is important for activity. For example, binding of M. tuberculosis WhiB1 to the target promoter is probably controlled by the status of the Fe–S cluster (Smith et al., PI3K cancer 2010). Recently, Garg et al. (2009) reported that alpha (1,4)-glucan branching protein GlgB in a yeast two-hybrid screen was one of the in vivo substrates of M. tuberculosis WhiB1. Corynebacterium

glutamicum possesses four whiB-like genes. Among them, the whcE, whcA, and whcB genes have been studied so far (Kim et al., 2005; Choi et al., 2009; Lee et al., 2012). The whcE gene plays a positive role in responses to oxidative and heat stresses and probably functions

as a transcription factor that Celecoxib can activate the transcription of the trxB gene, which encodes thioredoxin reductase (Kim et al., 2005). On the other hand, the whcA gene plays a negative role in oxidative stress responses. For example, cells overexpressing whcA show retarded cell growth and are more susceptible to oxidants. In our previous study, we were able to identify SpiA as the interacting partner for WhcA in a screen employing the bacterial two-hybrid system (Park et al., 2011). In addition, we showed that the oxidant diamide can modulate the interaction of the proteins in vivo and in vitro. In this study, we provide genetic and physiological evidence for the role of this gene in the whcA-mediated stress response pathway. Corynebacterium glutamicum AS019E12 (Kim et al., 2005) was used to construct HL1383, which carries a ∆spiA mutation. Corynebacterium glutamicum HL1384 carries a spiA-overexpressing plasmid pSL507. Corynebacterium glutamicum HL1171 carries a ∆whcA mutation. Corynebacterium glutamicum HL1176 carries a whcA-overexpressing plasmid pSL432. Corynebacterium glutamicum HL1383, which carries a whcA-overexpressing plasmid pSL432, was designated HL1403 (i.e., ∆spiA/P180-whcA). Corynebacterium glutamicum ∆whcA mutant, which carries pSL507, was designated HL1391 (i.e.