However, the remarkable predominance of activated microglia and the additional attenuation of invading macrophages suggest that different mechanisms than macrophage recruitment are responsible for the MCP-1-mediated neuroprotective effects after experimental stroke. (C) 2009 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose: We evaluated the effect of partial bladder outlet obstruction on bladder weight, protein synthesis, mitotic markers and the mitogen activated protein kinase pathway in a mouse model.

Materials and Methods: Mice were divided into 3 groups, including control, sham treated and partially obstructed. Bladders were harvested from the

mice in the partially obstructed group 12, 24, 48, 72 and 168 hours after surgical partial outlet obstruction, respectively. Partially obstructed bladders were compared to bladders in the control and sham treated groups by weight, protein content, selleck inhibitor and expression of proliferating cellular nuclear antigen, cyclin D3, HsP 70, c-jun and phosphorylated c-jun. Bladders were examined histologically for changes occurring with partial obstruction.

Results: We tested 3 groups of mice,

including control, sham treated and partially obstructed mice, Selleckchem BTSA1 to understand the pathophysiology of the bladder response to partial obstruction. We found no statistical difference in body weight among the groups. Furthermore, there was a significant increase in bladder weight and protein content in partially obstructed mice compared to those in controls and sham operated mice. There was up-regulation of proliferating cellular nuclear antigen, cyclin D3, HsP70, c-jun and phosphorylated c-jun PDK4 with partial obstruction. Fibrosis was prominent at 168 hours compared to that in controls.

Conclusions:

Bladder weight and protein content increase with partial bladder outlet obstruction in mice. Cell cycle proteins and elements of the mitogen activated protein kinase pathway are up-regulated during this process.”
“Palatine tonsils (PTs), together with ileal Peyer’s patches, rank among the first colonization sites for infectious prions. After replicating in these lymphoid tissues, prions undertake the process of “”neuroinvasion,”" which is likely mediated by the peripheral nerves connecting lymphoid tissues to the central nervous system (CNS). To study the connections between the tonsils and the CNS, we injected fluorescent tracers into the PTs of lambs; the highest number of Fast Blue (FB)-labeled neurons was found in cranial cervical ganglia (CCG), whereas a progressively decreasing number of cells were detected in proximal glossopharyngeal, proximal vagal, trigeminal, pterygopalatine, and cervicothoracic ganglia. Immunohistochemistry was carried out on tonsil and ganglia cryosections.