In accordance with animal studies, we recently demonstrated that this PPIenhancing effect of MDMA in normals is markedly reduced by the SSRI citalopram, but is not affected by the D2 antagonist haloperidol or the 5-HT2A/C antagonist ketanserin.117 Thus, it appears that the effect of MDMA on PPI in sellckchem humans is – like in animals – due to MDMA-induced release of serotonin. However, it is also obvious that some of the functional consequences of the released serotonin differ between rats and humans, since MDMA has opposite effects on PPI. In fact, there is more recent evidence that species-specific differences may contribute to the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical opposite effects of MDMA
on PPI in rats and humans. Specifically, it was found that 5-HT1A agonists disrupt PPI in rats, but increase PPI in mice.118,119 Thus,
the role of 5-HT1A receptors in mediating effects of MDMA on PPI in humans remains to be elucidated. Furthermore, whether the indirect agonistic effects of MDMA on 5-HT1A receptors ameliorate psychotic symptom formation needs to Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical be clarified. The present data also demonstrate the compelling need for comparison studies in animals and humans to increase our understanding of the role of the serotonergic systems involved in the regulation of information processing Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical in health and disease. Conclusions The present review discussed evidence that similar neural systems are altered by serotonergic hallucinogens and psychotomimetic NMDA antagonists,
despite the differences in the primary sites of action of these drug classes. Furthermore, these same systems appear to exhibit abnormalities in incipient Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical stages of naturally occurring psychoses. Thus, the elucidation of common mechanisms downstream Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical from 5-HT2A or NMDA receptors can provide new targets for investigating the pathophysiology of naturally occurring psychoses such as schizophrenia. Present evidence suggests that the effects of a typical recreational dose of MDMA on regional brain activity and sensory gating functions can be this delineated from those seen with psychedelic hallucinogens. The data also indicate that excessive serotonergic activation Carfilzomib is not sufficient to produce psychosis. Select abbreviations and acronyms AED anxious ego-dissolution ASC altered states of consciousness CMRglu cerebral metabolic rate of glucose CSPT cortico-striato-pallido-thalamic CSTC cortico -striata -thalamo -cortical DA dopamine DMT N.N-dimethyltryptamine DOI 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine 18FDG 18F -fluor odeoxy glucose 5-HT 5 -hydroxy try ptamine LSD d-lysergic acid diethylamide MDE 3,4-methylenedioxyethamphetamine MDMA 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine NMDA N-methyl-D-aspartate OB oceanic boundlessness PCP phencyclidine PPI prepulse inhibition VR visionary restructuralization Notes The author would like to thank M. F. I.