Insects with 98 100% mortality were classified as susceptible, those with mortality less than 80% were classified as resistant, Ganetespib OSA and those with 80 97% were classified as intermediate. Mortality rates were corrected using Abbotts formula when control mortality was between 5% and 20%. The RR50 was calculated by dividing the KT50 value of field strains with the corresponding KT50 value of the susceptible strain. RR50 was scaled as follows RR50 Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries 1, RR50 1 to 10, RR50 11 to 30, RR50 31 to 100, and RR50 100 very high resistance. Mortality percentages and enzyme levels were tested for normality and variance homogeneity using Komolgorov Smirnov and Levenes tests, respectively. Non normal data were arcsine log transformed to stabilize the variance.

Two sample t test or Mann Whitney non parametric test were applied to test for differences in the mortality between the Bora Bora Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries strain and respective field strains. Statistical significance was determined at P 0. 05. The Mann Whitney non parametric test was used to analyse the effect of synergism on mortality. All analyses were conducted using SPSS software. Results Susceptibility Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries status Table 2 shows the diagnostic Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries doses of each insecticide determined from experiments using the Bora Bora strain. The toxicity levels of the five insecticides tested decreased in the following order deltamethrin cypermethrin pirimiphos methyl permethrin etofenprox. Table 3 shows the toxicity of the different insecticides against Ae. aegypti adults collected from seven locations in Singapore. The RR50 values of these field strains to deltamethrin were the highest among the insecticides tested.

RR50 were Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries moderate to high for permethrin and etofenprox and low to moderate for cypermethrin. The lowest was for pirimiphos methyl. Among the different combination of mosquito populations and insecticides, the deltamethrin resistance of mosquitoes from Ang Mo Kio and Yishun appeared to be the highest, as no knockdown mosquitoes were observed during the 3 h exposure period. The two areas were historically sensitive areas. The next highest combination involved new dengue sensitive areas, Clementi and Pasir Ris, with populations against deltamethrin, displaying RR50 130 fold. The rest of the combinations involving the pyrethroids tested ranged from RR50 3. 76 to 75. 64 fold.

Interestingly, there is no significant difference in resistance among populations from historically dengue sensitive areas and new dengue areas. The mortality Brefeldin A protein transport rates of field populations, subjected to the diagnostic doses of insecticides, corresponded to the RR50 results, with all populations displaying low mortality to pyrethroids and high mortality to pirimiphos methyl. The population most resistant to pyrethroids was Ang Mo Kio, a historically sensitive area. The population from this area also had the highest RR50 values for all pyrethroids tested.