It provides insights suggesting that a MAST program, of which an aerobic selleckchem Sunitinib component includes Nordic-walking, may be used as a means of improvement of HRQL in terms of a positive trend in serum lipid levels, VO2max, and body strength. The results of this study may be further used for planning an intervention program
for obese elderly women. Practical Implications A 10-week MAST program, encompassing NW as an aerobic component, increases upper and lower-body strength in obese postmenopausal women. A 10-week MAST program increases physical performance in terms of VO2max in obese postmenopausal women. A 10-week MAST program results in positive changes in serum lipid levels in obese postmenopausal women. Acknowledgments The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the grant RSA2 053 52 awarded to IZZ
Elite athletic performance is a complex phenotype determined by several environmental factors such as diet, physical training, and sociocultural factors. Although
all these factors are certainly acknowledged as key components contributing to sport performance, there remains a belief that there is a genetic component to the success of elite athletes. A recent study has identified in excess of 240 gene variants as potential genetic markers associated with fitness-related phenotypes, although few of these variants have been associated with elite-level athletic performance (Bray et al., 2009). The most frequently investigated genetic markers in the context of athletic predisposition are the ACE and the ACTN3 polymorphisms (Pokrywka et al., 2013). Variants in both these genes have been reported to be associated with elite athletic performance and with normal, quantitative physical performance traits in the general population (Bustamante-Ara et al., 2010; Pereira et al., 2013; Wang et al., 2013; Drozdovska et al., 2013). The human angiotensin converting enzyme gene (ACE) is located on chromosome 17 in position 17q23.3 (Rieder et al.,
1999). The product of this gene (an enzyme converting angiotensin I into II) is acknowledged to be a key-element in the renin angiotensin system (RAS), a system responsible for the regulation of blood pressure – one of the main factors determining the efficiency of the whole body. The most widely studied ACE polymorphism Cilengitide is the restriction fragment length polymorphism consisting of the presence (insertion, I) or absence (deletion, D) of a 287 base pair Alu repeat sequence in intron 16. In this case, three ACE genotypes include DD and II homozygotes and ID heterozygotes. The I allele is associated with lower ACE activity in both serum and tissue compared with the D allele (Rigat et al., 1990). In reports regarding association between the ACE genotype and training, the DD genotype seems to impart an advantage in the development of short duration aerobic performance (Cam et al., 2007).