, Kiliardis and Kalebo, Benington et al., and Raadsheer et al.[16,17,18] Hence, there is enough evidence to substantiate the fact that the strong musculature of the Mandible has an influence on the mandible to bring about the flexure. CONCLUSION The Mean intermolar width is maximum for Brachyfacial type and average for Mesofacial type and minimum for Dolichofacial type of http://www.selleckchem.com/products/17-AAG(Geldanamycin).html facial pattern in South Indian population with a tendency of broad arch forms in Brachyfacial and narrow archforms in Dolichofacial pattern The Mean Mandibular Flexure values are maximum at maximum jaw opening position in all Brachyfacial, Mesofacial, and Dolichofacial type of facial pattern in South Indian population The Mean Mandibular Flexure Values are maximum for Brachyfacial type and least for Dolichofacial type of facial pattern indicating the strong influence of musculature on the facial Pattern There is no sex difference in the Mean MMF values between Males and Females.

Footnotes Source of Support: Nil Conflict of Interest: None declared.
The toxic effects of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) can manifest in various organs and the male reproductive organ is clearly an important target. Reproductive dysfunction of these metals have distinct morphological and biochemical features such as disorganized epithelia, decreased sperm quality, altered sperm morphology and low androgen levels. Cadmium is a non-biodegradable metal and lead is environmental pollutant are known directly to cause destruction to the testicular organs and hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis.

[1,2] These heavy metals induce testicular injury, highlighting the disruption of the blood-testis-barrier (BTB), which is a major target in the testis. Effects of lead on male reproductive functions include abnormalities in sperm counts, motility, morphology[3] and spermatogenesis.[4] Toxicity is manifested in male reproductive system by deposition of lead in testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle and seminal ejaculate. Pb has an adverse effect on sperm count and retarded the activity of a live sperm. Moreover, motility as well as prolonged latency of sperm melting both, in exposed person and experimental animals was observed after Pb exposure. Cd also causes dose- and time-dependent inhibition of the serum hormonal levels of FSH and LH, which induce the signals for testosterone synthesis.

An inhibition of these signals results in the time-dependent monophasic serum inhibition in testosterone levels showing reproductive dysfunction, Cilengitide cell death and apoptosis by Cd.[5,6] Exact mechanism of action of Pb and Cd induced reproductive toxicity is still unknown, but oxidative stress could response for their production of toxicity.[2,7] The heavy metal-induced decrease in the activities of anti-oxidant enzymes might result from its ability to remove biometals from active centers of these enzymes and binding to their -SH groups.