Liver tissue was mechanically disrupted and further digested for 20 minutes. Highly buoyant HSCs were isolated

by gradient centrifugation with Optiprep (Axis-Shield PoC AS, Oslo, Norway) and washed with HBSS. HSC were cultured in nontissue culture-treated plates in DMEM supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin. HSC that were freshly isolated ex vivo or cultured on untreated plastic plates for 1 day were considered quiescent hepatic stellate cells (QHSC). AHSC were obtained from the plate by scraping after continuous culture for 7 days. Quiescent, activated, or small interfering RNA (siRNA)-transfected HSC (more detail in Supporting Methods) were pulsed with various concentrations of gp33 peptide (KAVYNFATM) or infected with vaccinia virus expressing LCMV gp33 epitope (kind gift from Neratinib mw Dr. Rafi Ahmed) in DMEM containing 10% FCS. After washing, either carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-labeled, unlabeled, or effector CD8+ T cells were added. Proliferation and cytokine production of the CD8+ T cells were analyzed. Detailed methodologies are included in the Supporting section. Atezolizumab research buy Recent work has demonstrated that HSC can act as APC to induce CD8+T cell proliferation in vitro12;

however, the impact of the transition of HSC from quiescence to activation on antigen-specific T cell proliferation is unknown. HSC isolated from the liver are quiescent for 1-2 days and will attain an activated phenotype after 6 days of culture on nontreated tissue culture plates.5 QHSC express the marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), which is subsequently down-regulated in AHSC, whereas alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) is up-regulated upon activation of HSC (Fig. 1A).17 We compared the ability of QHSC and AHSC to induce T cell proliferation in a 3-day culture of CFSE labeled-P14 TCR transgenic CD8+ T cells with HSC pulsed with cognate peptide gp33 derived from LCMV.18 Whereas peptide-pulsed QHSC are able to stimulate division of antigen-specific T cells, AHSC are unable to achieve the same amount of cell proliferation,

as reflected both in the percentage and index of T cell division (Fig. 1B,C). Next we investigated whether the reduction in T cell proliferation after stimulation Galactosylceramidase with AHSC is contact-dependent or mediated by soluble factors. AHSCs secrete cytokines known to induce T cell proliferation such as IL-6 and RANTES19 (Supporting Fig. S1A). Indeed, coculturing of CFSE labeled, anti-CD3-stimulated T cells with conditioned medium from AHSC improves T cell proliferation rather than abrogating it (Fig. S1B). Therefore, although AHSC secrete T cell stimulatory cytokines, they provide a more dominant, nonsecreted inhibitory signal that prevents T cell proliferation. We investigated the expression of seven costimulatory and coinhibitory molecules from the B7 family in QHSC and AHSC.