Next, we wanted to study the neural correlate of surface segregation and to cancel out the neural effect of local dot displacement, the TMS-evoked JNK inhibitor potential and relatively early signals related to figure border processing and border ownership coding. We therefore subtracted ERPs on trials containing frame stimuli from ERPs on stack trials (Fig. 6) for each TMS condition separately. The resulting difference waves (stack–frame difference) now reflect surface segregation and no longer contain activity related to local dot displacement, the TMS-evoked potential,

and figure border detection Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical (Scholte et al. 2008). Figure 5 EEG–TMS results: early and late stages in figure–ground segregation. (A) Figure stimuli deflected negatively

from homogenous stimuli when no TMS was applied (significant Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical interval = 137–211 msec, P < 0.05, corrected for ... Figure 6 EEG–TMS results: late stage in figure–ground segregation. (A) Stack stimuli significantly deflected from frame stimuli when no TMS was applied (significant interval = 227–313 msec, P < 0.05, corrected for multiple comparison ... We performed random-effects Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical analyses by applying sample-by-sample paired t-tests (two-tailed) to test which samples of the subtractions differed significantly from zero. We corrected for multiple comparisons by correcting the P value by fixing the false discovery Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical rate (FDR) at 0.05 (Benjamini and Hochberg 1995). To reduce the amount of comparisons, we selected time windows that were identified in previous literature (Bach and Meigen 1997; Caputo and Casco 1999; Scholte et al. 2008; Pitts et al. 2011) as relevant for figure border detection, border ownership coding, and surface segregation. We choose a time window between 80 and 230 msec after stimulus onset to statistically test relatively early differences related to figure border

detection and border ownership coding (in figure–homogenous subtractions, see above). Note that this time window could not be tested in the condition when TMS was applied in the intermediate Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical time window, due to interpolation of PD184352 (CI-1040) the data (for this condition, all interpolated samples were in the middle of the relevant time window). All interpolated EEG samples were excluded from statistical testing. To study the neural correlates of surface segregation, we choose a time window between 200 and 350 msec after stimulus onset to statistically test differences between ERPs on trials containing stack stimuli and trials containing frame stimuli. Due to data interpolation, we were not able to test this difference in the late TMS condition. Results Task overview We constructed a design in which participants had to discriminate between three stimuli. Crucially, these three stimuli differed in type of information needed to make a correct distinction.