Noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis was used to estimate PK parameters [area under the concentration–time curve

over 24 h (AUC0-24h) and maximal concentration (Cmax)]. These parameters were compared with historical values from the general HIV-infected population. Six subjects on each regimen completed the study. Compared with the general population, these elderly subjects had 8–13% decreased TFV AUC0-24h and Cmax, and 19–78% increased FTC and RTV AUC0-24h and Cmax. Decreased ATV AUC0-24h (12%) and increased Cmax (9%) were noted, while EFV buy ITF2357 exposure was unchanged (5%) with a 16% decrease in Cmax. Intracellular nucleoside/tide metabolite concentrations and AUC are also reported for these subjects. This study demonstrates that the PK of these ARVs are altered by 5–78% in an older HIV-infected population. Implications of PK differences for clinical outcomes, particularly with the active nucleoside metabolites, remain to be explored. This study forms the basis for further study of ARV PK, efficacy, and toxicity in older

HIV-infected patients. “
“HIV-2, which is closely related to SIV from sooty mangabeys, was first identified in 1986 in patients with AIDS in Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde, West Africa. Like HIV-1, HIV-2 is an immunodeficiency virus that causes AIDS in humans. Natural Product Library research buy However, although HIV-1 and HIV-2 are related, there are important structural differences between them which influence pathogenicity, natural history and therapy. The HIV-2 epidemic has its epicentre in West Africa, and is also found in those countries that have had historical colonial links with the region, in particular

Portugal and France. Sociocultural Dimethyl sulfoxide issues such as civil war and migration have had major impacts on the spread of HIV-2. Recent data from Guinea-Bissau suggest that the incidence of HIV-2 is now falling, in contrast to that of HIV-1, which has remained stable since 1999 [1]. Diagnoses of HIV-2 are increasing in India but in Europe and the United States the prevalence remains low [2–4]. HIV-2 does not protect against HIV-1 and dual infection is observed. In the United Kingdom, approximately 137 HIV-2 monoinfections and 35 HIV-1 and HIV-2 dual infections have been reported to the Health Protection Agency (HPA) [5]. The most common mode of transmission is through heterosexual sex. HIV-2 is less infectious early in the course of infection than HIV-1, with a 5–10-fold lower rate of heterosexual transmission [6,7] and a 20–30-fold lower rate of vertical transmission [8–10]. This is likely to be a result of the lower level of viraemia observed in HIV-2 than in HIV-1 [11]. The rate of sexual transmission of HIV-2 is increased in the presence of other sexually transmitted infections, particularly ulcerative conditions such as herpes simplex and syphilis [12,13]. Vertical transmission has been reported in association with primary HIV-2 infection during pregnancy [8–10].