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J. Astrobiol. 3:301–309. Kawamura, K. and Umehara, M. (2001). Kinetic analysis of the temperature dependence of the template-directed formation of oligoguanylate from the 5′-phosphorimidazolide of guanosine on a poly(C) template with Zn2+. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 74:927–935. Kawamura, K. and Maeda, J. (2007). Kinetic analysis of oligo(C) formation from the 5′-monophosphorimidazolide

GF120918 cost of cytidine with Pb(II) ion catalyst at 10–75 C. Origins Life Evol. Biospheres, 37:153–165. Kawamua, K. and Nagayoshi, H. (2007). Behavior of DNA under hydrothermal conditions with MgCl2 additive using an in situ UV–visible spectrophotometer. Thermochim. Acta, 466:63–68. Lohrmann, R. and Orgel, L. E. (1980). Efficient catalysis of polycytidylic acid-directed oligoguanylate formation Fenbendazole by Pb2+. J. Mol. Biol., 142:555–567. E-mail: kawamura@chem.​osakafu-u.​ac.​jp Early Biological Evolution Microbial Communities of Alkaline Hot Springs as a Model for Studying Early Stages of Biosphere Evolution Alla Brynskaya1, Oxana Pestunova2, Elena Lazareva3, Sergey Zhmodik3 1Institute of Cytology

and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia; 2Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia; 3Institute of Geology and Mineralogy SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia According to the hypothesis of the first Precambrian prokaryotic communities origin and development and their attendant environment (Zavarzin, 2004; Gerasimenko, 2004), chemical and gas composition and primary phototrophes structure of Barguzin valley hot springs in Baikal rift zone might represent analogs to relict Precambrian biocenoses. The research concerned microbial communities structure and composition, hot springs macro- and microelements composition, minerals formed in microbial mat and a wide range of elements distribution between organic and mineral parts of mats. Barguzin valley hot springs are alkaline siliceous hydrotermes with nitrogen prevailing in the gas. There were five springs studied at the right (Alla, Kuchiger, Umhei) and the left (Garga, Uro) sides of the valley; they differ a little in compound. The former ones have SO4–HCO3–Na composition and contain HS−. The latter ones have SO4–Na composition. Do not contain HS−, but are characterized by a higher contain of radon.