Paa thus results from a homoploid speciation process. Based on published data and on results from this study, a new formal taxonomic name is proposed for the three BMS-345541 taxa Paa, Pam and Pau which are raised to species status and renamed P. xalni, P. xmultiformis and P. uniformis, respectively. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Tumor cell invasion and metastasis are hallmarks of malignancy. Despite recent advances in the understanding of lymphatic spread, the mechanisms by which tumors metastasize to sentinel/distant lymph nodes and beyond are poorly understood. To gain new insights into this complex process, we established highly metastatic melanoma cell lines
by in vivo passaging the B16 parental cell line through the lymphatic system. In this study we characterized morphology, rate of cell proliferation, colony formation, migration,
tumorigenicity, lymph flow, and capacities to induce tumor- and sentinel lymph node-lymphangiogenesis. Furthermore, microarray-based comparative analysis between parental and passaged cell lines was YM155 mouse performed to identify specific gene expression profiles. The most differentially expressed gene was SPP (osteopontin), a secreted glycophosphoprotein which is known to be involved in cancer metastasis. Overexpression of osteopontin in B16 F1-variant was confirmed by western blot analysis and quantitative RT-PCR. Treatment of cultured lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs)
with osteopontin promoted cell migration mediated by the integrin alpha 9 pathway. Our results identify osteopontin as a novel lymphangiogenic factor.”
“Forkhead box (FOX) proteins are multifaceted transcription factors that are responsible for fine-tuning the spatial and temporal expression of a broad range of genes both during C59 wnt development and in adult tissues. This function is engrained in their ability to integrate a multitude of cellular and environmental signals and to act with remarkable fidelity. Several key members of the FOXA, FOXC, FOXM, FOXO and FOXP subfamilies are strongly implicated in cancer, driving initiation, maintenance, progression and drug resistance. The functional complexities of FOX proteins are coming to light and have established these transcription factors as possible therapeutic targets and putative biomarkers for specific cancers.”
“Somatic, targeted inactivation of the retinoid X receptor beta gene (Rxrb) in Sertoli cells (SC; yielding Rxrb(Ser-/-) mutants) leads to failure of spermatid release, accumulation of cholesterol esters and, subsequently, testis degeneration. These abnormalities are identical, in their nature and kinetics, to those observed upon inactivating Rxrb in the whole organism, thereby demonstrating that all reproductive functions of RXRB are carried out in SC.