RESULTS: Brain retraction by use of a brain spatula was used in all patients. Retraction times ranged from 14 to 290 minutes (mean, 84.1). Cortical surface changes were grade 0 in 86% and grade 1 in 14%; none showed grade

2 or 3 changes. In the postoperative MRI, 4 patients presented with parenchymal alterations, 4 with Selisistat mw edema (11.1%), and 1 patient had additional contusion (2.8%). All lesions were confined to the temporal pole. The grade of cortical surface changes was not related to lesions found on MR imaging. No patients showed retraction-related neurological deficits.

CONCLUSION: The incidence of evident mechanical parenchymal injury (infarction or contusion) is very low when appropriate microsurgical and skull base techniques are used. Minor pia-arachnoid injury should nevertheless continue to be attended through future advances.”
“As a result of acclimation populations of long-lived ectotherms should display lowered ability to counter cold stress in warmer periods of active season, and increased resistance in colder ones. We tested this proposition by investigating dynamics of cold resistance in Myrmica ants during most of the active season in two types of habitats. Resistance of ants to knock-down by cold and their rate of recovery after chill coma were expected to be lower in summer.

Cooled at a rate of 0.17 degrees C min(-1), the ants showed lower capability

to resist knock-down in summer, and a significant lowering in knock-down temperature in response to colder weather both in spring and autumn click here as confirmed by linear regression against air temperatures. In a more eurytopic species M. rubra the responses were significantly faster in meadow than in forest habitats. However, times of recovery of the ants after 10 min at -3 degrees C did not change in parallel

see more to air temperatures. Whereas M. rubra from forest habitats took less time to recover in early summer and early autumn, in their conspecifics from meadow habitats the contrary was the case. Regardless of habitat, recoveries tended to be faster in other investigated species, of which M. ruginodis (a forest stenotopic) recovered faster in early summer than later.

According to the knock-down data, in warmer months the ants are indeed less resistant to cold stress, whilst the recovery data do not always support the proposition. The contrasting seasonal dynamics of the two measures of low-temperature resistance in field-fresh Myrmica suggest that knock-down (chill coma onset) is a better index of thermal acclimation, whilst the rate of recovery from chill coma is more indicative of interspecific differences and, possibly, behavioural thermoregulation. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“BACKGROUND: The risk of aneurysm rupture appears to be related to multiple factors such as topology, morphology, size, perianeurysmal environment, and blood flow hemodynamics.