The regulation of sialometabolism gene expression is complex but

The regulation of sialometabolism gene expression is complex but there appears to be no major requirement for the positive (CRP-dependent) or negative (SiaR-dependent) transcriptional regulation on LPS sialylation in experimental OM

induced through direct inoculation of organisms into the middle ear of chinchillas. Acknowledgements GAJ and DWH were supported by grants from the Medical Research Council, UK and GAK from the Wellcome Trust. We thank Michael Apicella and Jason Johnston for helpful comments on the manuscript. References 1. Varki A: Biological roles of oligosaccharides: all of the theories are correct. Glycobiology 1993,3(2):97–130.PubMedCrossRef 2. Hood DW, Makepeace K, Deadman ME, Rest RF, Sapitinib chemical structure Thibault P, Martin A, Richards JC, Moxon ER: Sialic acid in the lipopolysaccharide of Haemophilus influenzae: strain distribution, influence on serum resistance and structural characterization. Mol Microbiol 1999,33(4):679–692.PubMedCrossRef 3. Bouchet V, Hood DW, Li J,

Brisson JR, Randle GA, Martin A, Li Z, Goldstein R, Schweda EK, Pelton SI, et al.: Host-derived sialic acid is incorporated into Haemophilus influenzae lipopolysaccharide and is a major virulence factor in experimental otitis media. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003,100(15):8898–8903.PubMedCrossRef 4. Jurcisek J, Greiner L, Watanabe SC79 H, Zaleski A, Apicella MA, Bakaletz LO: Role of sialic acid and complex carbohydrate biosynthesis in biofilm formation by nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae in the chinchilla middle ear. Infect Immun 2005,73(6):3210–3218.PubMedCrossRef 5. Figueira MA, Ram S, Goldstein R, Hood DW, Moxon ER, Pelton SI: Role of complement in defense of the middle ear revealed by restoring the virulence of nontypeable Haemophilus

influenzae siaB mutants. Infect Immun 2007,75(1):325–333.PubMedCrossRef 6. Swords WE, Moore PDK4 ML, Godzicki L, Bukofzer G, Mitten MJ, VonCannon J: Sialylation of lipooligosaccharides promotes biofilm formation by nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae. Infect Immun 2004,72(1):106–113.PubMedCrossRef 7. Greiner LL, Watanabe H, Phillips NJ, Shao J, Morgan A, Zaleski A, Gibson BW, Apicella MA: Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae strain 2019 produces a biofilm containing N-acetylneuraminic acid that may mimic sialylated O-linked glycans. Infect Immun 2004,72(7):4249–4260.PubMedCrossRef 8. Vimr E, Lichtensteiger C, Steenbergen S: Sialic acid metabolism’s dual function in Haemophilus influenzae. Mol Microbiol 2000,36(5):1113–1123.PubMedCrossRef 9. Vimr ER, Kalivoda KA, Deszo EL, Steenbergen SM: Diversity of microbial sialic acid metabolism. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2004,68(1):132–153.PubMedCrossRef 10. Severi E, Randle G, Kivlin P, Whitfield K, Young R, Moxon R, Kelly D, Hood D, Thomas GH: Sialic acid transport in Haemophilus influenzae is essential for lipopolysaccharide sialylation and serum resistance and is dependent on a novel tripartite ATP-independent periplasmic transporter.

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