“
“The risk of type 2 diabetes among obese adults who are metabolically healthy has not been established. We systematically searched Medline (1946-August 2013) and Embase (1947-August 2013) for prospective studies of type 2 diabetes incidence (defined by blood glucose levels or self-report) among metabolically healthy obese adults (defined by body mass index [BMI] and normal cardiometabolic clustering, insulin profile or risk score) aged >= 18 years at baseline. We

supplemented the analysis with an original effect estimate from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA), with metabolically healthy obesity defined as BMI >= 30 kg m(-2) and <2 of hypertension, impaired Torin 2 chemical structure glycaemic control, systemic inflammation, adverse high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and adverse triglycerides. Estimates from seven published

studies and ELSA were pooled using random effects meta-analyses (1,770 healthy obese participants; 98 type 2 diabetes cases). The pooled adjusted relative risk (RR) for incident type 2 diabetes was 4.03 (95% confidence interval = 2.66-6.09) in healthy obese adults and 8.93 (6.86-11.62) in unhealthy obese compared with healthy normal-weight adults. Although there was between-study heterogeneity in the size of effects (I-2 selleck compound = 49.8%; P = 0.03), RR for healthy obesity exceeded one in every study, indicating a consistently increased risk across study populations. Metabolically healthy obese adults show a substantially increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes compared

with metabolically healthy normal-weight adults. Prospective evidence does not indicate that healthy obesity is a harmless condition.”
“Water was a prominent substance with Pythagoras, Xenophanes, Heraclitus and GSK923295 solubility dmso Parmenides, who flourished in the years 530-490 BC. The basic Pythagorean elements were earth and fire, and between them there were 2 intermediate entities (water and air), which were instrumental and indispensable components of specific solids. All things are a blend of different elements. For Xenophanes, “”All things that come into being and grow are earth and water,”" “”We all originated from earth and water”" and “”And in certain caves water drips down.”" For Heraclitus water is an ambivalent substance: “” One cannot bathe in the same river on two occasions.”" “”The sea is the safest and the most polluted water, for fish it is healthy and gives life, for men it is unhealthy and causes death.”" “”Fire experiences the death of earth, air experiences that of fire, water experiences the death of air and the earth that of water.”" Parmenides was a man who sought the truth through reasoning and was, according to Hegel, the founder of Western philosophy. He built a dualist theory of the cosmos based on heat and cold, fire and earth – the former as a cause, the latter as substrate.