The spatial dynamics of fishery resources (notably the key sea cucumber and spiny lobster stocks) and of the fishing fleet must be measured and modeled to assess the applicability of spatially-explicit management measures (TURFs, seasonal closures, spatial gear restrictions,

etc.) in order to reduce overexploitation risks. Consider, for Sunitinib supplier example, the case of broadcast spawners, such as sea cucumbers, which – as for many sedentary species – require high density concentrations in order to reproduce successfully. Such high-density patches are the first to be targeted by fishers in a fishery regulated by catch or effort limits [37], making management measures such as total allowable catch (TAC) inappropriate in the fisheries for these species. In this case, a spatially explicit management tool, such as seasonal closures, could be more effective than a TAC (e.g., to protect sea cucumber juveniles). On the other hand, caution is needed with spatial measures such as no-take zones since changes in the distribution of fishing effort could lead to overfishing

of the stocks located outside the zone [37] and [52]—it is thus necessary to evaluate the impact of zoning on fleet distribution. Current monitoring Obeticholic Acid purchase programs must be evaluated, adapted, and coordinated with the goal of producing needed spatial planning information, integrating the collection of socioeconomic data on a regular and strategic basis. According to Day [11], the establishment of a robust monitoring system to evaluate the effectiveness of marine spatial management plans requires a major institutional reorientation at the policy

level. In the case of Galapagos, it will require a major adaptation of the GMRMP, including as a priority the allocation of suitably long-term governmental Vasopressin Receptor funding to ensure the continuity and efficiency of the monitoring programs. Also important are efforts to better utilize existing data (biophysical, socioeconomic and fishery data) in order to extract the maximum value from them [44]. Furthermore, the above-noted monitoring capability of VMS together with the recent implementation of an Automatic Identification System (AIS) for the entire local fishing fleet, provides an unique opportunity to better understand the spatial behaviour of fishers, and thereby to predict how this behaviour interacts with spatial population processes to determine the character of exploited meta-populations; and to understand the implications of policy options ranging from no-take zones to TURFs [43]. Such an evaluation of the GMR will facilitate adaptation of the marine zoning scheme, taking into consideration the scientific information available, the local fishery knowledge and the lessons learned as outlined above.