Using single and double nramp3 and nramp4
mutants, as well as lines ectopically expressing either of these genes, we show that AtNRAMP3 and, to a lesser extent, AtNRAMP4 are involved in Arabidopsis thaliana resistance PRIMA-1MET Apoptosis inhibitor against the bacterial pathogen E. chrysanthemi. The susceptibility of the double nramp3 nramp4 mutant is associated with the reduced accumulation of reactive oxygen species and ferritin (AtFER1), an iron storage protein known to participate in A. thaliana defense. Interestingly, roots from infected plants accumulated transcripts of AtNRAMP3 as well as the iron-deficiency markers IRT1 and FRO2. This finding suggests the existence of a shoot-to-root signal reminiscent of an iron-deficiency signal activated by pathogen infection. Our data indicate that the functions of NRAMP proteins in innate immunity have been conserved between animals and plants.”
“Objective-To determine the efficacy a modified-live Salmonella Dublin vaccine administered PO in an extralabel manner in the prevention of diseases associated with Salmonella Dublin infection.
Design-Randomized clinical trial.
Animals-288 preweaned Holstein dairy calves on a commercial dairy farm.
Procedures-Calves were orally administered either 2 mL of AC220 solubility dmso a commercially
available, modified-live Salmonella Dublin vaccine (n = 140) or a placebo (148) at 3 and 10 days of age. Signs of diarrhea and depression were recorded check details daily. Weight gain between 3 days of age and time of weaning was measured. Fecal samples from clinically depressed or diarrheic calves and fresh tissues samples from calves that died were submitted for bacterial culture of Salmonella organisms.
Results-Salmonella organisms were isolated from samples of 1.4% (2/140) and 3.4% (5/148) of calves receiving the vaccine and placebo, respectively. Additionally, 57.1% (80/140) and 60.1% (89/148) of the vaccinated
and control calves, respectively, had at least 1 day with an abnormal fecal score. Calves receiving the vaccine and placebo were not significantly different in terms of overall morbidity rate, Salmonella-specific morbidity rate, or average daily gain. Adverse reactions related to administration of the vaccine were not seen. The attenuated vaccine strain was not isolated from any fecal or tissue samples.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-This method of vaccination was safe in young Holstein calves, although it was not effective in reducing the incidence of disease or improving weight gain on this farm. However, the power of this study was limited by a low incidence of clinical salmonellosis. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2011;238:1184-1190)”
“We characterized the sources of variability for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in residential dust and provided guidance for investigators who plan to use residential dust to assess exposure to PBDEs.