We first show that kidney recipients selected for clinical stability (good graft function at least 5 years post-transplantation) displayed heterogeneous TCR patterns from Gaussian to highly selected profiles. Given the large size of the analyzed cohort, we looked for correlation of the TcL topology with the biological and clinical variables

collected in the GenHomme database. The factor with the strongest correlation (ρ=0.58, p<0.01) was the CD8+/CD4+ T-cell ratio. Stable recipients displaying TSA HDAC mouse class 1 TcL patterns have low to moderate CD8+/CD4+ T-cell ratios, whereas those with classes 3 and 4 patterns have a higher CD8+/CD4+ T-cell ratios. This observation and the fact that altered TCR patterns were positively correlated with the CD8+/CD4+ T-cell ratio are not surprising since CD8+ T cells have been shown to be the main contributor of the alterations of T-cell repertoire in different situations including healthy individuals 18, 19, HIV-infected patients 20, EBV-infected patients 21, 22 and kidney graft recipients 10. We thus identified a sub-group of highly clinically stable patients that accumulated antigen-experienced

CD8+ T cells. This observation was strengthen by the fact that inflammation related genes (i.e. GZMB and T-bet) were increased and regulatory associate gene (i.e. FOXP3) was decreased in patients with a skewed Vβ repertoire. We also found that TCR repertoire usage was significantly different Sorafenib price between operationally tolerant recipients and patients with chronic rejection. Patients with chronic rejection displayed SSR128129E peaked Vβ transcript CDR3-LD associated with higher quantity of transcripts, indicating accumulation of oligo

or monoclonal Vβ expansions. This skewed TCR usage was not found in patients with chronic renal failure (RFA), suggesting that T-cell alterations reflected rejection process and not kidney dysfunction (Supporting Information Fig. 3). Such results are in agreement with those of Matsutani et al., who reported that the level of alterations of TCR usage was significantly greater in recipients with graft failure 23. Both persistent and non-persistent viruses have been shown to induce a highly biased T-cell repertoire 21, 24, 25. Among the virus-specific T cells, the T-cell response to CMV has been shown to be large, comprising up to 10% of all CD8 T cells 26–29. In this study, only a low correlation was found between CMV seropositivity status and peripheral TCR repertoire usage of the patients with stable graft function. Briefly, 18% of the patients within TcL class 1 have anti-CMV IgG, whereas 36% of the patients with a stable graft function, whose TcL belong to classes 3 and 4, have anti-CMV IgG. Based on this observation, CMV reactivation was also found to be more frequent in patients with the TcL classes 3 and 4 than in patients with a TcL class 1.