When combined with patients’ own requests and family and carer support for such an approach, these factors may amount to a persuasive argument. In our own experience, as described above, the patients responded well to reintroduction of clozapine, in terms of clinical improvements in mental state and reduction in aggression and violence. This is, perhaps, unsurprising given the previous Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical rapid responses shown by this group of patients. In addition, this admittedly small group of patients have not displayed clinically significant side effects associated with the use of G-CSF and the adverse effects reported in association with clozapine appear to be of

a similar frequency and intensity as Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical previously described. The authors acknowledge that this is a small case series conducted in the highly specialized environment of a secure psychiatric hospital and, as a result, questions could be raised about the applicability of such an approach in other patient populations. However, the authors contend that it would be difficult to design a randomized controlled

trial to measure the effectiveness of such Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical a treatment approach for the following reasons: the interventions are novel and unlicensed; the seriousness of the potential risks involved; difficulty in gaining consent from patients (given that they would be at the severe end of the spectrum of psychopathology); and the difficulty of getting an adequate sample size to provide sufficient statistical power. Therefore case reports and Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical case series, like this one, may provide the only evidence available to clinicians in this area. Conclusion This series builds on a number of previous case reports, in addition to more extensive literature on the use of G-CSF in other fields, which broadly show positive results. Further, more robust, investigations with appropriate methodology would be able to give a clearer picture of the benefits that the authors have Verteporfin observed in the sample patient group. However, because of the practical and ethical

difficulties of designing Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical such studies (such as a randomized controlled trial) it would be helpful if clinicians who have experience of using G-CSF share their experience with their peers by publishing their findings. The authors are of the opinion that this select group of patients, who have responded Phosphatidylinositol diacylglycerol-lyase to clozapine in the past but experienced neutropenia, are unresponsive to other interventions and remain significantly distressed with poor quality of life and florid psychotic symptoms, and who pose a significant risk to others, should be considered for clozapine rechallenge in combination with G-CSF. Not doing so may mean that these patients are deprived of a potentially effective treatment approach. However, given the risks involved, the authors would advocate that for each individual patient a risk–benefit analysis should be performed, along the lines discussed above.