Cancer Res 2002, 62:4955–4962.PubMed 36. Buda G, Maggini V, Galimberti S, Martino A, Giuliani N, Morabito F, Genestreti G, Iacopino P, Rizzoli RG7112 order V, Barale R, Rossi AM, Petrini M: MDR1 polymorphism influences the outcome of multiple myeloma patients. Br J Haematol 2007, 137:454–456.PubMedCrossRef Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions NM, OK, OA, and AA carried out the molecular genetic studies, participated in the sequence alignment and drafted

the manuscript. IOM participated in the sequence alignment. NM, OK, KA and OA participated in the design of the study and performed the statistical analysis. WH and IIM ATR inhibitor have participated in the study design and samples collection and preparation for perform the study. NM and KA helped to draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final

manuscript.”
“Introduction Gastric carcinoma (GC) is one of the most common and lethal malignant cancers [1]. Despite the improving surgical techniques and new chemotherapeutic treatment regimens, the patient survival rate remains dismal [2], and effective alternative treatment approach is in vital need. GC has been shown to harbor multiple somatic mutations as well as over-expressions of oncoproteins. Identification of these GC-associated biomarkers may entail possible discovery of new therapeutic targets [3]. Among various GC-associated biomarkers, c-MET gene is frequently found gnomically-amplified and over-expressed in GC cell lines [4]. The proto-oncogene c-MET, a receptor of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF, also known as scatter factor), encodes a 190 kDa heterodimeric transmembrane tyrosine kinase. HGF binding to c-Met triggers tyrosine kinase domain auto-phosphorylation and induces pleiotropic responses such as proliferation, motility, morphogenesis and angiogenesis in many cell types including normal and tumor cells [5]. c-MET amplification has been identified in nearly 74% of human GC specimens [6]. HGF and c-MET both play

important roles in the progression and metastasis of GC [7]. Thus, c-Met has been considered as a promising therapeutic target for various cancers. Cilengitide ic50 Immunotoxins (ITs) are fusion proteins composed of a toxin fused to an antibody or growth Dapagliflozin factor with distinct target specificity [8]. IT exerts its anti-growth effect by inhibiting protein synthesis and promoting apoptosis [9]. IT anti-c-Met/PE38KDEL (anti-c-Met Fab, which resulted from screening and characterization from a natural human Fab phage antibody library; PE38KDEL, which is a modified structure of PE38, lost the function of combining with non-mammalian cells specifically, but retained a complete cytotoxicity after internalization) has shown specific cytotoxic effects against c-Met-positive cancer cells [10].