PD patients also demonstrate

consistent deficits in cognitive control of memory. In general, PD patients show greater deficits in less structured retrieval contexts, such as free recall paradigms, relative to recognition memory paradigms (Taylor et al., 1990; Dubois et al., 1991; Zgaljardic et al., 2003). Though likely partially arising from ineffective encoding (Knoke et al., 1998; Vingerhoets et al., 2005), their deficits on these tasks could also be traced to a failure to employ effective retrieval strategies. For example, studies using the California selleck chemicals Verbal Learning Test (Delis et al., 1987) have shown that PD patients show decreased semantic clustering at retrieval relative to controls (van Oostrom et al., 2003; Brønnick et al., 2011). Thus, deficits in recall S3I-201 molecular weight among PD patients may partially be traced to a failure to effectively employ strategic control processes at retrieval. Cognitive control during memory retrieval is also important to overcome interference, such as that arising through automatic retrieval of irrelevant information. PD patients show difficulty in overcoming such memory interference (Helkala et al., 1989; Rouleau et al., 2001; but see Sagar et al., 1991). Again, though likely partly due to encoding, these effects may also be attributable

to retrieval deficits. For example, Crescentini and colleagues (2011) employed a part-list cuing paradigm designed to induce interference via external retrieval cues. PD patients and healthy age-matched controls studied separate word lists under shallow and deep encoding. Following shallow encoding, both groups showed decreased retrieval in the interference condition relative to a noninterference

control. In contrast, following deep encoding, control participants showed equivalent performance in the interference and control condition, while the patients still showed impaired retrieval in the interference condition. Thus, akin to the result from Cohn et al. (2010) in recognition memory, this part-list cueing effect could be interpreted as a failure to effectively take advantage of a good encoding strategy at retrieval; in Olopatadine this case, in order to overcome interference. Striatal involvement in the cognitive control of declarative memory retrieval generalizes beyond MTL-dependent episodic memory to include semantic memory retrieval. Semantic memory refers to knowledge of facts, concepts, and word meanings that are independent of a specific encoding context and that may be stored in a distributed neocortical representation outside of the medial temporal lobe (Tulving, 1972; McClelland and Rogers, 2003). As with episodic retrieval, access to semantic knowledge can be bottom up and cue driven or it can be goal directed, requiring cognitive control (Badre and Wagner, 2007).