The DNA fragments were incubated with increasing amounts of purified BaeR GW786034 protein in presence of nonspecific competitor DNA (Salmon sperm) (Figure 4). The purified BaeR protein showed binding to the upstream region of acrD with increasing concentrations, which was detected as a smear (Figure 4A). A slight interaction between the acrAB promoter

and BaeR was detected at the highest protein concentration (64 pM), which could suggest an unspecific binding (Figure 4B). No interactions between the fragment of the promoter region of tolC and BaeR were detected (Figure 4C). These results show that BaeR binds to the acrD regulatory region and is probably involved in its regulation. Figure 4 Electrophoretic mobility shift analysis of BaeR interaction with Cy5-labeled DNA fragments. DNA fragments contain the promoter regions of (A) acrD (246 bp), Lazertinib manufacturer (B) acrA (205 bp) and (C) tolC (291 bp), respectively. Approximately 0.16 pmol of the DNA fragments were incubated with increasing amounts of His-tag purified BaeR (indicated at the top of each lane). The DNA-protein complexes were separated on 4% non-denaturing polyacrylamide gels. Induction of acrD through overexpression of BaeR Owing to the interaction between the acrD promoter region and BaeR observed during EMSA assays, we investigated whether overexpression of BaeR may induce

the expression of acrD. Therefore, we cloned baeR under an arabinose-inducible promoter (pBAD24.baeR) and performed learn more qRT-PCR analysis 1 hour after induction. Relative fold-changes in mRNA transcripts of acrA (0.8-fold), acrD (3.8-fold) and tolC (0.7-fold) were determined. The obtained data values correlate with the observed interaction of BaeR during EMSA indicating a specific binding of BaeR to the regulatory region of acrD. Discussion Bacteria have evolved energy-dependent PD184352 (CI-1040) multidrug efflux pumps in order to prevent intracellular accumulation of toxic compounds, including antimicrobials, antibiotics, dyes and detergents [6, 34]. In several enterobacteria, including the human pathogen E. coli and the plant pathogen E. amylovora,

the RND transporter AcrAB-TolC has been described as the major multidrug efflux system providing resistance towards lipophilic and amphiphilic substrates but not towards hydrophilic compounds [6, 16]. Another member of the RND family, AcrD, has been shown to efficiently efflux highly hydrophilic aminoglycosides from E. coli cells [13]. Here, we identified a gene encoding AcrD in E. amylovora Ea1189, which shows significant sequence homology to the cognate aminoglycoside efflux pump of E. coli and investigated the role of this transporter in the fire blight pathogen. Due to the high level of homology shared by AcrD from E. coli and E. amylovora, it was not surprising to find similar substrate specificities. Previous studies of AcrD in E.