Unfortunately, despite the desire to quit smoking, minority smokers are even less likely than White smokers to join enough smoking cessation interventions (Levinson, P��rez-Stable, Espinoza, Flores, & Byers, 2004; Zhu, Melcer, Sun, Rosbrook, & Pierce, 2000). To enhance the efficacy of tobacco interventions for minority adolescents, researchers have called for culturally targeting and tailoring tobacco interventions. Targeted interventions focus on expanding the generalizability of an intervention (developed in other populations) to minority groups, and while these interventions may have embedded dominant cultural values, they do not take the values and experiences of a minority group into consideration. In contrast, tailored interventions focus on ensuring that the intervention meets the unique needs of the minority group by including ethnic/cultural experiences, norms, and values.

Another way to culturally tailor an intervention is to start from the culture and then subsequently build on the cultural values, which is also known as culturally grounded approach (Pasick, D��Onofrio, & Otero-Sabogal, 1996; Resnicow, Soler, Braithwaite, Ahluwalia, & Butler, 2000). Cultural targeting and tailoring can be further categorized into two dimensions: ��surface�� and ��deep structure�� (Resnicow, Braithwaite, Ahluwalia, & Baranowski, 1999; Resnicow et al., 2000). Surface structure refers to matching the intervention materials to the preferred characteristics of a target population, such as matching the race/ethnicity of the staff to the group and using culturally relevant settings/channels, music, foods, and language.

In contrast, deep structure reflects integrating the cultural, social, historical, and psychological influences of the behaviors (i.e., tobacco use) in the target populations. To our knowledge, existing reviews of adolescent tobacco prevention and cessation studies have not addressed cultural values and experiences of the minority group (Christakis, Garrison, Ebel, Wiehe, & Rivara, 2003; Garrison, Christakis, Ebel, Wiehe, & Rivara, 2003; Wiehe, Garrison, Christakis, Ebel, & Rivara, 2005). Additionally, we are not aware of any reviews that have examined tobacco prevention and cessation studies together. This is important because these two types of interventions contain overlapping program materials, and they are often offered simultaneously in schools.

To fill these gaps in the literature, we conducted a comprehensive review of tobacco prevention and cessation interventions for minority adolescents and based on this review, have also provided some directions for future research. Methods Two independent reviewers searched tobacco intervention studies that were targeted and tailored AV-951 to minority adolescents and published between 1990 and 2011 on Medline.