The amplification was performed in CFX96 Real-time thermocycler (Biorad Laboratories, Hercules, CA, USA) as previously described [17]. Viability of A498 cells stimulated with E. coli The A498 cell line was stimulated with the different bacterial isolates and the viability of the cells was assessed after 6 h. Multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 10 was used (5 · 105 cells were stimulated with 5 · 106 CFU of bacteria).

The viability of the cells was assessed by the trypan blue (0.4%) exclusion test in a cell counter (TC10™ automated cell counter, Bio-Rad) and by the cytotoxicity detection kit plus-LDH (Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN, USA) according to manufacturer’s protocol. Isolation of polymorphonucleated leukocytes Human polymorphonucleated leukocytes (PMN) were isolated from whole blood SBI-0206965 molecular weight using polymorphprep (Axis-Shield PoC AS, Oslo, Norway). Blood was collected according to the swedish national board of health and https://www.selleckchem.com/products/VX-765.html welfares guidelines and the ethical guidelines of the declaration of Helsinki. The healthy volunteers gave a written Luminespib concentration informed consent for research use and the samples were anonymized immediately after collection. The donors were not subjected to extra harm or risk as the blood was collected at the same occasion as a blood donation. According to paragraph 4 of the swedish law (2003:460) on ethical conduct in human research, this study did not require

ethical approval. Briefly, polymorphprep was layered with an equal volume of heparinized blood and centrifuged at 1350 rpm for 40 min at room temperature. The PMN fraction was collected and an equal volume of 0.45% NaCl and 20 ml PBS was added. Any remaining erythrocytes were removed by hypotonic lysis with sterile milliQ water. Cold PBS containing 3.4% NaCl and Krebs-Ringer glucose Carteolol HCl (KRG) were added to restore osmotic pressure. The PMN were centrifuged, the supernatant discarded and the pellet resuspended in 1 ml PBS, KRG + Ca2+ or DMEM + 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES). The viability of the PMN was > 90% as determined by the trypan

blue exclusion test. Measurement of total ROS-production Total reactive oxygen species (ROS)-production of PMN was measured with a luminol-horseradish peroxidase (HRP) assay. Luminol is activated by H2O2 and the evoked luminescence is proportional to ROS-production. PMN in KRG + Ca2+ were incubated with luminol (0.1 mg/ml, Sigma) and HRP (4 U/ml, Roche) for 15 min at 5% CO2 and 37°C. PMN and bacteria (MOI 10) were combined in a 96-well plate. Phorbol-12-myristat-13-acetat (PMA) was used as positive control and KRG + Ca2+ as negative control. The plate was centrifuged at 400 × g at 4°C for 3 min and the luminescence was measured in a microplate reader (Fluostar Optima, BMG Labtech, Aylesbury, UK) every third min for 4 h. All samples were run in duplicate.

Total first strand cDNA was produced with random hexamer primers (Random Primer 6 5′d(N6)3′, Biolabs) using either PowerScript Reverse Transcriptase (Clonetech) or PrimeScript Reverse Transcriptase (Takara). The quality of each template cDNA was checked using the Bioanalyzer 2100 (Agilent). qPCR was performed using specific primers (75-100 nM each) according to the recommended protocol for each SYBR Green mix used (SYBR Green MasterMix 2X from ABgene or MESA GREEN MasterMix from Eurogentec). Reactions were run on an ABI PRISM 7900 HT instrument (Applied Biosystems) or a Mastercycler Realplex 2 S instrument

(Eppendorf) using AZD6738 mouse 40 cycles of denaturation at 95°C for 15 s and extension at 60°C for 1 min. The cycles were preceded BIBW2992 datasheet by DNA polymerase activation at 95°C and followed by a denaturation cycle to check the specificity of the PCR products. Mean Ct obtained for studied genes were between 16 and 28.5, with the exception of comC and dprA in WT strain at 31 and 32.9 respectively (in the same time ‘No Template Controls’ gave no signal after 34 cycles). Primers were designed with Primer Express 2 (Applied Biosystems) or Primer 3 http://​frodo.​wi.​mit.​edu/​primer3 and validated by determining slopes of standard curves for PCR efficiencies between 90% and 100%. In this context, we used the 2-ΔΔCt method to express results as

fold change in the expression of each gene of interest relative to a calibrator sample and a reference gene used as an internal control for normalization of the results [55]. The stability of transcription Anacetrapib of the chosen reference gene ldh was checked by standard curves

performed for all environmental conditions used in this study. Unless otherwise indicated, quantitation experiments were performed with three independent samples, each well being duplicated two or three times. Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Viability and UV assays Viable bacteria were counted by plating serial dilutions on MRS agar and incubating at 30°C for one to four days. For mixed cultures, classical enumeration on MRS supplemented with Xgal (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-D-galactopyranoside, 0.04 g.l-1) distinguished sigH(hy)* (white) from sigH(wt)* (blue) as well as sigH(nul) (white) from 23 K lacLM + (blue). For other tests, learn more sampling for stationary phase survival in MCD was done after 6-8 hour culturing which corresponds to growth arrest, then once or twice a day. In these cases, comparative enumeration was performed by depositing drops (5 μl) of serial decimal dilutions for each strain on an agar plate. UV resistance was examined by exposing bacteria freshly plated on MRS medium to 254 nm UV-light (VL-15 C, Apelex) with fluences of 40 to 120 J/m2 (by step of 20) measured by the radiometer VLX-3 W equipped with a 254 nm sensor (Vilber Lourmat, France).

The PARP inhibitor IL-1 signaling pathway is well characterized and it has been shown that IL-1 recruits Myd88 to the IL-1 receptor, which connects

the receptor with a downstream kinase, IRAK [19]. A dominant negative Myd88 inhibits IL-1 induced activation of NF-κB, a major signaling pathway utilized by IL-1 [19]. Importantly, deficiency in Myd88 has been shown to significantly attenuate intestinal polyposis in Apcmin/+ mice and to increase their survival [20], demonstrating that Myd88 dependent signaling critically contributes to intestinal tumorigenesis. Several inflammatory mediators are increased in Apc Min/+ polyps, including IL-1 [20], suggesting that the decreased tumor number in the Apc Min/+ /Myd88−/−compound mouse may be due

to deficient signaling by IL-1. In this study we investigated the pathway whereby macrophages/IL-1 inactivate GSK3β, promote Wnt signaling and enhance growth of colon VS-4718 clinical trial cancer cells. NF-κB has been shown to regulate the survival of tumor cells and to link inflammation and tumor progression [21–23]. We showed that macrophages, like IL-1, activate NF-κB signaling in colon cancer cells, leading to activation of the AKT pathway. PKB/AKT is a kinase that is activated by recruitment to the plasma membrane through phosphorylation on Thr308 by PDK1 and on Ser473 by PDK2 [24, 25]. It has a crucial role in promoting cell survival through phosphorylation of Bad [26], caspase-9 [27], FKHR [28] and IKKα [29]. Another important downstream target of AKT is GSK3β [30], a kinase with a crucial selleck screening library role in Wnt

signaling. The pool of GSK3β that participates in Wnt signaling is present in a multiprotein complex that includes axin, β-catenin and APC [31, 32]. In the absence of Wnt signaling, GSK3β phoshorylates axin, β-catenin and APC, which targets β-catenin for ubiquitin mediated degradation. Wnt signaling results in inactivation of GSK3β, which leads to dephosphorylation of axin, APC and β-catenin [33]. Unphosphorylated β-catenin is stabilized and translocates to Phosphoglycerate kinase the nucleus, where it binds to members of the TCF family of transcription factors, and finally stimulates the expression of target genes such as c-myc, c-jun, CD44 and cox-2 [34]. In this study we established that IL-1 and tumor associated macrophages inactivate GSK3β and promote Wnt signaling in tumor cells through NF-κB dependent activation of PDK1 and AKT. Our data therefore suggest that inhibitors of the NF-κB and PI3K/AKT pathways, which are in development as chemotherapeutic agents, may not only work by inhibiting proliferation and promoting apoptosis of tumor cells, but may also interrupt the crosstalk between the tumor cells and stroma and thereby stall tumor progression.

J Food Prot 2007, 70:471–475.PubMed

9. Cooley MB, Miller WG, Mandrell RE: Colonization of Arabidopsis thaliana with Salmonella enterica and enterohemorrhagic Sapitinib clinical trial Escherichia coli O157: H7 and competition by Enterobacter asburiae. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003, 69:4915–4926.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef SC79 supplier 10. Jeter C, Matthysse AG: Characterization of the binding of diarrheagenic strains of E. coli to plant surfaces and the role of curli in the interaction of the bacteria with alfalfa sprouts. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 2005, 18:1235–1242.PubMedCrossRef 11. Friesema I, Sigmundsdottir G, van der Zwaluw K, Heuvelink A, Schimmer B, de Jager C, Rump B, Briem H, Hardardottir H, Atladottir A, Gudmundsdottir E, van Pelt W: An international outbreak of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 infection due to lettuce, September-October 2007. Euro surveill 2008.,13(50): 12. Grant J, Wendelboe AM, Wendel A, Jepson B, Torres P, Smelser C,

Rolfs RT: Spinach-associated Escherichia coli O157:H7 outbreak, Utah and New Mexico, 2006. Emerg Infect Dis 2008, 14:1633–1636.PubMedCrossRef 13. Tyler HL, Triplett EW: Plants as a habitat for beneficial and/or human pathogenic bacteria. Annu Rev Quisinostat Phytopathol 2008, 46:53–73.PubMedCrossRef 14. Matos A, Garland JL: Effects of community versus single strain inoculants on the biocontrol of Salmonella and isothipendyl microbial community dynamics in alfalfa sprouts. J Food Prot 2005, 68:40–48.PubMed 15. Cooley MB, Chao D, Mandrell RE: Escherichia coli O157: H7 survival and growth on lettuce is altered by the presence of epiphytic bacteria. J Food Prot 2006, 69:2329–2335.PubMed 16. Klerks MM, Franz E, van Gent-Pelzer M, Zijlstra C, van Bruggen AHC: Differential interaction of Salmonella

enterica serovars with lettuce cultivars and plant-microbe factors influencing the colonization efficiency. ISME J 2007, 1:620–631.PubMedCrossRef 17. Kobayashi DY, Palumbo JD: Bacterial endophytes and their effects on plants and uses in agriculture. In Microbial Endophytes. Edited by: Bacon CW, White JF. New York: Marcel Dekker; 2000:199–233. 18. Redford AJ, Bowers RM, Knight R, Linhart Y, Fierer N: The ecology of the phyllosphere: geographic and phylogenetic variability in the distribution of bacteria. Environ Microbiol 2010, 12:2885–2893.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 19. Leff JW, Fierer N: Bacterial communities associated with the surfaces of fresh fruit and vegetables. PLoS ONE 2013,8(3):e59310. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059310PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 20. Hallmann J, Quadt-Hallmann A, Mahaffee WF, Kloepper JW: Bacterial endophytes in agricultural crops. Can J Microbiol 1997, 43:895–914.CrossRef 21. Cruz AT, Cazacu AC, Allen CH: Pantoea agglomerans, a plant pathogen causing human disease. J Clin Microbiol 2007, 45:1989–1992.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 22.

Photosynth Res 59:249–254 selleckchem Govindjee (2004) Chlorophyll a fluorescence: a bit of basics and history. In: Papageorgiou GC, Govindjee (eds) Chlorophyll a fluorescence: a signature of photosynthesis. Advances in photosynthesis and respiration, vol 19. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 1–42 Govindjee (2008) Recollections of Thomas John Wydrzynski. Photosynth Res 98:13–31PubMed Govindjee (2010) Celebrating Andrew Alm Benson’s 93rd birthday. selleck screening library Photosynth

Res 105:201–208PubMed Govindjee, Barber J (1980) Photosynthesis session of the British Photobiology Society meeting. Photobiochem Photobiophys 1:183–187 Govindjee, Björn LO (2012) Dissecting oxygenic photosynthesis: the evolution of the “Z”-scheme for thylakoid reactions. In: Itoh S, Mohanty P, Guruprasad KN (eds) Photosynthesis: overviews on recent progress and future perspectives. IK Publishers, New Delhi, pp 1–27 Govindjee, Briantais JM (1972) Chlorophyll b fluorescence and an emission band at 700 nm at room temperature in green algae. FEBS Lett 19:278–280PubMed Govindjee, Fork DC (2006) Charles Stacy French (1907–1995) biographical memoirs,

vol 88. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, pp 2–29 Govindjee, Govindjee R (1974) Primary events in photosynthesis. Sci Am 231:68–82PubMed Govindjee, Jursinic PA (1979) Photosynthesis and fast changes in light emission by green plants. Photochem Photobiol Rev AZD6738 molecular weight 4:125–205 Govindjee, Knaff D (2006) Editorial: international

photosynthesis congresses (1968–2007). Photosynth Res 89:1–2 Govindjee, Rabinowitch E (1960) Two forms of chlorophyll a in vivo with distinct photochemical function. Science 132:355–356PubMed Govindjee, Seibert M (2010) Picosecond spectroscopy of the isolated reaction centers from the photosystems of oxygenic photosynthesis—ten years (1987–1997) fun. A tribute to Micheal R. Wasielewski on his 60th birthday. Photosynth Res 103:1–6PubMed Govindjee, Shevela D (2011) Adventures with cyanobacteria: a personal perspective. Front Plant Sci 2:28. doi:10.​3389/​fpls.​2011.​00028 PubMed Govindjee, Srivastava SL (eds) (2010) A tribute to Professor Krishnaji. Printed Hydroxychloroquine clinical trial at Apex Graphics, Allahabad, 266 pp. (its pdf file is available free at: http://​www.​life.​illinois.​edu/​govindjee/​recent_​papers.​html) Govindjee, Yoo H (2007) The international society of photosynthesis research (ISPR) and its associated international congress on photosynthesis (ICP): a pictorial report. Photosynth Res 91:95–106 Govindjee, Laloraya MM, Rajarao T (1956) Formation of asparagine and increase in the free amino acid content in virus infected leaves of Abelmoschus esculentus. Experientia 12:180–181 Govindjee, Rabinowitch E, Thomas JB (1960a) Inhibition of photosynthesis in some algae by extreme red light.

I. Subunit structure of the protein mediating the primary photochemistry in Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides R-26. Biochem 13:1394–1403CrossRef Okamura MY, Isaacson RA, Feher G (1975) The primary acceptor in bacterial photosynthesis: the obligatory role of ubiquinone in photoactive reaction centers of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 72:3491–3495PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Reed DW, Clayton RK (1968) Poziotinib Isolation of a reaction center fraction from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 30:471–475PubMedCrossRef”
“Introduction The atomic force microscope (AFM), with its picoNewton force sensitivity and AZD3965 nanometer

spatial resolution, provides a powerful tool for exploring intermolecular forces at the single-molecule level and for mapping the topography and organisation of membrane proteins under physiological conditions (Fotiadis et al. 2002; Müller and Dufrêne 2008). AFM studies BVD-523 cell line of bacterial photosynthetic membranes have revealed the membrane organisation of light-harvesting and reaction centre complexes (Scheuring et al. 2007; Sturgis et al. 2009), but this study was made possible by prior knowledge of the structures of these complexes, which made their identification relatively straightforward. However, a different

approach is needed in the absence of reliable structural information and a combination of topographical and functional AFM imaging can circumvent this ‘recognition’ problem, most notably the PicoTREC work (combining topography and antibody-mediated protein recognition) of Hinterdorfer and co-workers (Ebner et al. 2005; Hinterdorfer and Dufrêne 2006; Chtcheglova et al. 2007) and force–volume imaging (Ludwig et al. 1997). Both methods have advantages and drawbacks; the former method lacks high time resolution, thus rendering dynamic

processes effectively invisible, the latter method is reliant upon an antibody (which can be highly variable for polyclonal antibodies) to reliably recognise an antigenic motif and it also cannot quantitatively measure the interaction forces. Here, we present an imaging approach that relies upon a native protein–protein interaction found in bacterial photosynthesis, in this case the reversible binding of an extrinsic cytochrome, (cyt) c 2, to its intrinsic Phosphoprotein phosphatase membrane partner, the photosynthetic reaction centre-light-harvesting 1-PufX (RC-LH1-PufX) complex. This AFM-based imaging method is able to map the location of surface-attached RC-LH1-PufX complexes and to measure the interaction forces involved. Cyclic photosynthetic electron transfer involves the light-induced transfer of electrons from the primary electron donor, a specialised bacteriochlorophyll dimer within the reaction centre (RC), through a series of electron acceptors to reduce a reversibly bound secondary quinone acceptor QB.

Tropical storm surges and waves can overwhelm island communities, as 4SC-202 occurred at Manihiki (Fig. 5a), northern Cook Islands, during passage of Cyclone Martin in November 1997—only four houses were left standing in the two island villages and 20 residents were lost (de Scally 2008).

Maragos et al. (1973) provide a graphic description of flooding and wave overtopping on Funafuti Atoll, Tuvalu, during Cyclone Bebe in October 1972. Forbes (1996) and Solomon and Forbes (1999) described storm impacts from Cyclone Ofa in 1990 on the raised island of Niue (Fig. 7). Numerous facilities on top of coastal cliffs up to 25 m high were damaged severely by storm waves breaking against the cliffs. Many of these facilities were repaired, only to be damaged even more severely by category 5 Cyclone Heta 14 years later. Thus, while raised atolls are largely immune to storm flooding, their NVP-LDE225 clinical trial narrow reef fringe, allowing deep-water waves to break almost directly against the cliffs, exposes cliff-top infrastructure and properties to extraordinary wave impact. Sea-level rise and variability Atolls and the low-lying terraces of high islands are susceptible to more frequent or higher flooding under climate-induced acceleration learn more of global mean SLR. Deepening of water over reefs may increase wave energy at the shoreline and salt water may intrude into island soils and aquifers.

Sea-level variability due to ENSO or other large-scale circulation, as well as tides and storm surges, all ride on the MSL. Thus it is important

to develop robust projections of local SLR for individual regions and islands. These require knowledge of the global drivers as well as local factors such as uplift or subsidence rates. There is a growing consensus that the SLR projections of the IPCC (2007) AR4 were conservative and that SLR this century is likely to exceed AR4 estimates (Rahmstorf et al. 2007; Rahmstorf 2010; Church and White 2011). Post-AR4 projections of twenty-first century global mean SLR range up to 1.4 m or more but less than 2 m (Rahmstorf 2007, 2010; Pfeffer et al. 2008; Grinsted et Non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase al. 2009; Jevrejeva et al. 2010, 2012; Rahmstorf et al. 2012b). Church et al. (2004, 2008), Church and White (2006, 2011), Domingues et al. (2008), Jevrejeva et al. (2008), Cazenave and Llovel (2010) and others have documented the slow rise of GMSL since the nineteenth century, slow or intermittent acceleration through the twentieth century, and more rapid acceleration over the past two decades. Meanwhile, satellite altimetry over the ocean basins since 1993 has revolutionized the monitoring of GMSL (Leuliette et al. 2004), showing an upward trend well correlated with the tide-gauge reconstruction that suggests an acceleration to 3.2 ± 0.4 mm year−1 (1993–2009) from the mean rate of 1.9 ± 0.4 mm year−1 since 1961 (Church and White 2011).

Authors’ information AC: Young researcher, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of selleck compound Experimental and Clinical Microbiology, University of Sassari, ITALY. LAS: Full Professor, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division Selleck Tucidinostat of Experimental and Clinical Microbiology, University of Sassari, ITALY. SZ: Full Professor, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Experimental and Clinical Microbiology, University of Sassari, ITALY. VR: Young Researcher, Experimental Zooprophylactic

Institute of Sardinia, Department of Nuoro, ITALY. Acknowledgments This work was supported by the POR Sardegna “”Young Researchers, European Social Fund 2007–2013, L.R.7/ 2007 “Promotion of Scientific Research and Technological Innovation in Sardinia”". Project CRP1_9. Special thanks

go to Mr. Edmondo Manca for logistic assistance find more and Porto Conte Ricerche S.r.l – Alghero for array scanning instrumentation. Electronic supplementary material Additional file 1: Additional tables (Tables S1-S4). Table S1. Genes of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis with significantly up-regulated expression levels in the acid-nitrosative stress (≥2 fold change). Table S2. Genes of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis with significantly down- regulated expression levels in the acid-nitrosative stress (≤2 fold change). Table S3. Genes of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis with significantly up-regulated expression levels in the infection of THP-1 cells (≥2 fold change). Table S4. Genes of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis with significantly down-regulated

expression levels in the infection of THP-1 cells (≤2 fold change). (XLS 202 KB) References 1. Harris NB, Barletta RG: Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Veterinary mafosfamide Medicine. Clin Microbiol Rev 2001, 14:489–512.PubMedCrossRef 2. Sohal JS, Singh SV, Tyagi P, Subhodh S, Singh PK, Singh AV, Narayanasamy K, Sheoran N, Singh Sandhu K: Immunology of mycobacterial infections: with special reference to Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. Immunobiology 2008, 213:585–598.PubMedCrossRef 3. Coussens PM: Mycobacterium paratuberculosis and the bovine immune system. Anim Health Res Rev 2001, 2:141–161.PubMed 4. Beard RM, Henderson D, Daniels MJ, Pirie A, Buxton D, Greig A, Hutchings MR, McKendrick I, Rhind S, Stevenson K, Sharp JM: Evidence of paratuberculosis in fox (Vulpes vulpes) and stoat (Mustela erminea). Vet Rec 1999, 145:612–613.CrossRef 5. Chiodini RJ: Crohn’s disease and the mycobacterioses: a review and comparison of two disease entities. Clin Microbiol Rev 1989, 2:90–117.PubMed 6. Gerlach GF: Paratuberculosis: the pathogen and routes of infection. DTW. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 2002, 109:504–506.PubMed 7. Bull TJ, McMinn EJ, Sidi-Boumedine K, Skull A, Durkin D, Neild P, Rhodes G, Pickup R, Hermon-Taylor J: Detection and verification of Mycobacterium avium subsp.

J Phys Chem B 2006, 110:8348–8356.CrossRef 5. Singh PK, Bisht G, Auluck K, Sivatheja M, Hofmann R, Singh KK, Mahapatra S: Performance and reliability study of single-layer and dual-layer platinum nanocrystal flash memory devices under NAND Roscovitine molecular weight operation. IEEE Trans Electron Devices 2010, 57:1829–1837.CrossRef 6. Kim H, Woo S, Kim H, Bang S,

Kim Y, Choi D, Jeon H: Pt nanocrystals embedded in remote plasma atomic-layer-selleck chemicals deposition HfO2 for nonvolatile memory devices. Electrochem Solid-State Letters 2009, 12:H92.CrossRef 7. Novak S, Lee B, Yang X, Misra V: Platinum nanoparticles grown by atomic layer deposition for charge storage memory applications. J Electrochem Soc 2010, 157:H589-H592.CrossRef 8. Yeom D, Kang J, Lee M, Jang J, Yun J, Jeong DY, Yoon C, Koo J, Kim S: ZnO nanowire-based nano-floating gate memory with Pt nanocrystals embedded in Al2O3 gate oxides. Nanotechnology

2008, 19:395204.CrossRef 9. Lee C, Meteer J, Narayanan V, Kan EC: Self-assembly of metal nanocrystals MK0683 datasheet on ultrathin oxide for nonvolatile memory applications. J Electron Mater 2005, 34:1–11.CrossRef 10. Li J, Liang XH, King DM, Jiang YB, Weimer AW: Highly dispersed Pt nanoparticle catalyst prepared by atomic layer deposition. Appl Catal Environ 2010, 97:22–226. 11. Christensen ST, Elam JW, Rabuffetti FA, Ma Q, Weigand SJ, Lee B, Seifert S, Stair PC, Poeppelmeier KR, Hersam MC, Bedzyk MJ: Controlled growth of platinum nanoparticles on strontium titanate nanocubes by atomic layer deposition. Small 2009, 5:750–757.CrossRef 12. Hsu IJ, Hansgen DA, McCandless BE, Willis BG, Chen JG: Atomic layer deposition of Pt on tungsten monocarbide (WC) for the oxygen reduction reaction. J Phys Chem C 2011, 115:3709–3715.CrossRef cAMP 13. Farmer DB, Gordon RG: High density Ru nanocrystal deposition for nonvolatile memory applications. J Appl Phys 2007, 101:124503.CrossRef 14. Lim SH, Joo KH, Park JH, Lee SW, Sohn WH, Lee C, Choi GH, Yeo IS, Chung UI, Moon JT, Ryu BI: Nonvolatile MOSFET memory based on high density WN nanocrystal layer

fabricated by novel PNL (pulsed nucleation layer) method. In Symposium on VLSI Technol. Digest of Technical Papers: June 14–16 2005. New York: IEEE; 2005:190–191. 15. Maikap S, Wang TY, Tzeng PJ, Lin CH, Lee LS, Yang JR, Tsai MJ: Charge storage characteristics of atomic layer deposited RuOx nanocrystals. Appl Phys Lett 2007, 90:253108.CrossRef 16. Zhang M, Chen W, Ding SJ, Wang XP, Zhang W, Wang LK: Investigation of atomic-layer-deposited ruthenium nanocrystal growth on SiO2 and Al2O3 films. J Vac Sci Technol A 2007,25(4):775–780.CrossRef 17. Gou HY, Ding SJ, Huang Y, Sun QQ, Zhang W, Wang PF, Chen Z: Nonvolatile metal–oxide–semiconductor capacitors with Ru-RuOx composite nanodots embedded in atomic-layer-deposited Al2O3 films. J Electron Mater 2010,39(8):1343–1350.CrossRef 18.

Am J Clin Nutr 2009, 89:822–830.PubMedCrossRef 73. Auvichayapat P, Prapochanung M, Tunkamnerdthai O, Sripanidkulchai BO, Auvichayapat N, Thinkhamrop B, Kunhasura S, Wongpratoom S, Sinawat S, Hongprapas Selleck ATM Kinase Inhibitor P: Effectiveness of green

tea on weight reduction in obese Thais: A randomized, controlled trial. Physiol Behav 2008, 93:486–491.PubMedCrossRef 74. Diepvens K, Kovacs EM, Nijs IM, Vogels N, Westerterp-Plantenga MS: Effect of green tea on resting energy expenditure and substrate oxidation during weight loss in overweight females. Br J Nutr 2005, 94:1026–1034.PubMedCrossRef 75. Diepvens K, Westerterp KR, Westerterp-Plantenga MS: Obesity and thermogenesis related to the consumption of caffeine, ephedrine, capsaicin, and green tea. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2007, 292:R77–85.PubMedCrossRef 76. Murase T, Haramizu S, Shimotoyodome A, Tokimitsu I, Hase T: Green tea extract improves running endurance in mice by stimulating lipid utilization during exercise. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2006, 290:R1550–1556.PubMedCrossRef 77. Fugh-Berman A, Myers A: EPZ-6438 mouse Citrus aurantium, an ingredient of dietary supplements marketed for

weight loss: current status of clinical and basic research. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2004, 229:698–704. 78. Haller CA, Benowitz NL, Jacob P: Hemodynamic effects of ephedra-free weight-loss supplements in learn more humans. Am J Med 2005, 118:998–1003.PubMedCrossRef 79. Kim GS, Park HJ, Woo JH, Kim MK, Koh PO, Min W, Ko YG, Kim CH, Won CK, Cho JH: Citrus aurantium flavonoids inhibit adipogenesis through the Akt signaling pathway in 3T3-L1 cells. BMC Complement Altern Med 2012, 12:31.PubMedCrossRef 80. Peixoto JS, Comar JF, Moreira CT, Soares AA, de Oliveira AL, Clomifene Bracht A, Peralta RM: Effects of Citrus aurantium (bitter

orange) fruit extracts and p-synephrine on metabolic fluxes in the rat liver. Molecules 2012, 17:5854–5869.PubMedCrossRef 81. Preuss HG, DiFerdinando D, Bagchi M, Bagchi D: Citrus aurantium as a thermogenic, weight-reduction replacement for ephedra: an overview. J Med 2002, 33:247–264.PubMed 82. Stohs SJ, Preuss HG, Keith SC, Keith PL, Miller H, Kaats GR: Effects of p-synephrine alone and in combination with selected bioflavonoids on resting metabolism, blood pressure, heart rate and self-reported mood changes. Int J Med Sci 2011, 8:295–301.PubMedCrossRef 83. Pittler MH, Ernst E: Dietary supplements for body-weight reduction: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr 2004, 79:529–536.PubMed 84. Pittler MH, Schmidt K, Ernst E: Adverse events of herbal food supplements for body weight reduction: systematic review. Obes Rev 2005, 6:93–111.PubMedCrossRef 85. Kang YR, Lee HY, Kim JH, Moon DI, Seo MY, Park SH, Choi KH, Kim CR, Kim SH, Oh JH, et al.: Anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects of Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) in C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet. Lab Anim Res 2012, 28:23–29.PubMedCrossRef 86.