In the present work, the effect of the time-consuming step of gradual cell adaptation to serum-free conditions on the glycosylation profile of a mAb produced by CHO-K1 cells was evaluated. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis revealed important changes in mAb glycosylation patterns in all steps of serum reduction. These changes could be grouped in two distinct phases of the process of adaptation: middle click here (2.5 to 0.15% serum) and final (0.075 and 0% serum). For intermediate levels of serum, a desirable increase of galactosylation and decrease of fucosylation,

but an undesirable increase in sialylation were observed; while the inverse was obtained at the final stages of adaptation. These divergences may be related to the reduction of serum supplementation, to variations in the levels of cell density and viability achieved

at these stages, and to the natural shift of the cell growth mode during adaptation from adherent to suspended. The divergent glycan profiles obtained in this study demonstrate a strong influence of the adaptation process on mAb glycosylation, suggesting that control and monitoring of product quality should be implemented at the early stages of process development.”
“The conversion of linoleic acid (LA) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) to long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) is known to involve desaturation and elongation steps. Although there is evidence that genes

for these BAY 11-7082 datasheet steps can be regulated by extremes of dietary PUPA, the degree to which there is meaningful regulation of LCPUFA levels in tissues by diet as a result of changes in expression of desaturase and elongase genes is unclear. In this study, we tested the effect of increasing ALA levels in diets of rats from 0.2% to 2.9% energy (en) against a constant LA level (1%en) on plasma and liver phospholipid LCPUFA Selleckchem VE-822 content together with the expression of hepatic genes involved in PUFA metabolism, the desaturases FADS1 and FADS2, the elongases ELOV2 and ELOV5, and the transcription factors sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR alpha). The levels of plasma and liver eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) increased in proportion to dietary ALA whereas docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) increased only up to 1%en ALA. A low PUFA (0.4%en) reference diet stimulated the expression of delta 6 desaturase (FADS2) and elongase 2 (ELOVL2) when compared to higher PUFA diets. There was, however, no difference in the expression of any of the genes in rats, which were fed diets containing between 0.2%en and 2.9%en ALA and mRNA expression was unrelated to tissue/plasma LCPUFA content.

The most common indications for adenosine were aneurysm softening in 17 cases and paraclinoid location in 14 cases, followed by broad neck in 12 cases and intraoperative rupture in 6 cases. Troponins were elevated postoperatively in 2 patients. Echocardiography did not show acute changes in either. Clinically insignificant cardiac arrhythmias were noted in 5 patients. Thirty-six patients were available

for follow-up. Mean www.selleckchem.com/products/gw-4064.html follow-up was 12.8 months. The modified Rankin Scale score was 0 for 29 patients at the time of the last follow-up. Four patients had an modified Rankin Scale score of 1, and scores of 2 and 3 were found in 2 and 1 patients, respectively.

CONCLUSION: Adenosine appears to allow safe flow arrest during intracranial aneurysm surgery. This can enhance the feasibility and safety of clipping in select

circumstances.”
“The identification of the adenovirus (AdV) protein that mediates endosome penetration during infection has remained elusive. Several lines of evidence from previous studies suggest that the membrane lytic factor of AdV is the internal capsid protein VI. While these earlier results imply a role for protein VI in endosome disruption, direct evidence during cell entry has not been demonstrated. To acquire more definitive proof, we engineered random mutations in a critical N-terminal amphipathic alpha-helix of VI in an attempt to generate AdV mutants that lack efficient membrane penetration and infection. Random mutagenesis within the context of the AdV genome was achieved LEE011 in vitro via the development of a novel technique that incorporates both error-prone PCR and recombineering. Using this system, we identified a single mutation, L40Q, that significantly reduced infectivity and selectively impaired endosome penetration. Furthermore, we obtained biophysical data showing that the lack of efficient endosomalysis is associated with reduced insertion of the L40Q mutation in protein VI (VI-L40Q) into membranes.

Our studies indicate that protein VI is the critical membrane lytic factor of AdV during cellular entry and reveal the biochemical basis for its membrane interactions.”
“BACKGROUND: Nerve transfers following traumatic brachial plexus injuries are infrequently operated on after 6 months of injury because myoneural degeneration may Epigenetics inhibitor set in before nerve regeneration can occur. An exception may lie in transferring healthy donor nerve fascicles directly onto an injured recipient nerve close to the motor point. This is especially true of the Oberlin transfer in which ulnar nerve fascicle(s) are transferred onto the damaged nerve to the biceps.

OBJECTIVE: This retrospective observational study evaluated the outcome of the Oberlin transfer on bicipital power in patients with upper trunk/C5,6,7 root level injuries operated on after 6 months of injury.

METHODS: Using a standard infraclavicular exposure, the musculocutaneous nerve was followed to its branch to the biceps.

Moreover, an active lifestyle might prevent or delay loss of cognitive function with aging or neurodegenerative disease. Recent research indicates that the effects of exercise

on the brain can be enhanced by concurrent consumption of natural products such as omega fatty acids or plant polyphenols. The potential synergy between diet and exercise could involve common cellular pathways important for neurogenesis, cell survival, synaptic plasticity and vascular function. Optimal maintenance of brain health might depend on exercise and intake of natural products.”
“Background. The aim was to reduce non-attendance for first-time consultations at psychiatric out-patient clinics.

Method. The study was a pragmatic randomized controlled trial; the setting was seven inner-city UK out-patient clinics in Leeds. Dinaciclib order The participants were 764 subjects of working age with an appointment

to attend a psychiatric out-patient clinic for the first time. The intervention was an ‘orientation statement’ letter delivered 24-48 h before the first appointment compared with standard care. The primary outcome measure was attendance at the first appointment; secondary outcomes ICG-001 purchase included hospitalization, transfer of care, continuing attendance, discharge, presentation at accident and emergency and death by 1 year.

Results. Follow-up was for 763 out of 764 subjects (>99%) for primary and for 755 out of 764 subjects (98.8%) of secondary outcome data. The orientation statement significantly reduced the numbers of people failing to attend [79 out of 388 v. 1.01 out of 376 subjects, relative risk 0.76, 95% confidence Pictilisib purchase interval (CI) 0.59-0.98, number needed to treat 16, 95 % CI 10-187].

Conclusions. Prompting people to go to psychiatric out-patient clinics for the first time encourages them to attend. Pragmatic trials within a busy working environment are possible and informative.”
“Objective:

Integrin-linked kinase, which is relevant to neoplastic transformation, is highly expressed in malignant pleural mesothelioma. Recently, detection of integrin-linked kinase in serum of patients with ovarian cancer has been reported. This study asks whether integrin-linked kinase can also be detected in serum of patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma and whether serum level has diagnostic or prognostic relevance for that disease.

Methods: A sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was designed to detect integrin-linked kinase and applied to serum samples from 46 patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma, 98 patients with other malignant chest disease, and 23 patients with benign chest disease. Integrin-linked kinase serum concentration and clinical data were correlated statistically.

Results: Median serum integrin-linked kinase concentration was significantly higher in malignant pleural mesothelioma (8.89 ng/mL) than in other malignant chest disease (0.66 ng/mL) or benign chest disease (0.78 ng/mL, P < .001).

We induced morphine withdrawal by injecting naloxone to rats that self-administer morphine and evaluated the effects of acupuncture and/or GABA receptor antagonists on their withdrawal symptoms. Acupuncture at

HT7, but not at the control point LI5, significantly decreased symptoms of morphine withdrawal. HT7 inhibition of the withdrawal syndrome was blocked by pretreatment with either the GABA(A) receptor antagonist bicuculline or the GABA(B) antagonist SCH 50911. These findings suggest that the effects of acupuncture on suppression of morphine withdrawal syndrome are mediated, at least in part, through GABA receptors. Quizartinib concentration (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Novel protein kinase Cs (nPKCs) contain an N-terminal C2 domain that cannot bind to calcium. We have previously shown that the Aplysia novel PKC Apl II’s C2 domain inhibits binding

of diacylglycerol selleckchem (DAG) to the C1 domain and that this inhibition is removed by phosphatidic acid (PA) binding to the C1b domain. Another model for C2 domain regulation of nPKCs suggests that the C2 domain binds to receptors for activated C kinase (RACKS) to assist in kinase translocation and activation. In the present study, we examined how a pharmacological peptide derived from RACK-binding site in the vertebrate novel PKCE regulates translocation of PKC Apl II from the cytosol to the plasma membrane. We found that a C2 domain-derived inhibitor peptide inhibited PKC Apl II translocation. This inhibition was removed by R273H mutation in the C1b domain and by phosphatidic acid, which can both remove C2-domain mediated inhibition suggesting that the peptide can regulate C1-C2 domain interactions. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland

Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Defect of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT) causes Lesch-Nyhan disease (LND), but the link between HPRT deficiency and the self-injurious behavior of LND is unknown. In a selleck screening library previous study (Pinto et al., J. Neurochem. 72 (2005) 1579-1586) we reported on a decrease in nucleotidase activity in membranes of several HPRT(-) cell lines and fibroblasts from LND patients. Since nucleotidases are involved in ATP-induced signal transduction, in the present study, we tested the hypothesis that P2X and P2Y receptor-mediated signal transduction is impaired in HPRT deficiency. As model we studied rat B103 neuroblastoma cells. Compared to control cells, in HPRT- cells, NTP and NDP-induced Ca(2+) influx across the membrane and Ca(2+) mobilization from intracellular stores were impaired. Both P2X and P2Y receptors were involved in the responses. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed reduced expression of receptors P2X(3), P2X(5), P2Y(2), P2Y(4), P2Y(12), P2Y(13) and P2Y(14) in HPRT deficiency.

Surprisingly, recruitment of U1 and U2 snRNPs was also affected, indicating that RNA-mediated interactions between CBC and snRNPs contribute to splicing. On the other hand, CBC depletion did not impair snRNP biogenesis, ruling out the possibility that decreased snRNP recruitment was due to changes in nuclear snRNP concentration. Taken together, the data support a model whereby

CBC ARS-1620 ic50 promotes pre-mRNA splicing through a network of interactions with and among spliceosomal snRNPs during cotranscriptional spliceosome assembly.”
“Piwi proteins and their associated small RNAs are essential for fertility in animals. In part, this is due to their roles in guarding germ cell genomes against the activity of mobile genetic elements. piRNA populations direct Piwi proteins to silence transposon targets and, as such, form a molecular code that

discriminates transposons from endogenous genes. Information ultimately carried by piRNAs is encoded within genomic loci, termed piRNA clusters. These give rise to long, single-stranded, primary transcripts that are processed into piRNAs. Despite the biological importance of this pathway, neither the characteristics that define a locus as a source of piRNAs nor the mechanisms that catalyze primary piRNA biogenesis are well understood. We searched an EMS-mutant collection annotated selleck for fertility phenotypes for genes involved in the piRNA pathway. Twenty-seven homozygous sterile strains showed transposon-silencing defects. One of these, which strongly impacted primary piRNA biogenesis, harbored a causal mutation in CG5508, a member of the Drosophila glycerol-3-phosphate O-acetyltransferase (GPAT) family. These enzymes catalyze the first acylation step on the path to the production of phosphatidic acid (PA). Though MTMR9 this pointed strongly to a function for phospholipid signaling in the piRNA pathway, a mutant form of CG5508, which lacks the GPAT active

site, still functions in piRNA biogenesis. We have named this new biogenesis factor Minotaur.”
“Despite the vast excess of cellular RNAs, precisely two copies of viral genomic RNA (gRNA) are selectively packaged into new human immunodeficiency type 1 (HIV-1) particles via specific interactions between the HIV-1 Gag and the gRNA psi (psi) packaging signal. Gag consists of the matrix (MA), capsid, nucleocapsid (NC), and p6 domains. Binding of the Gag NC domain to psi is necessary for gRNA packaging, but the mechanism by which Gag selectively interacts with. is unclear. Here, we investigate the binding of NC and Gag variants to an RNA derived from psi (Psi RNA), as well as to a non-psi region (TARPolyA). Binding was measured as a function of salt to obtain the effective charge (Z(eff)) and nonelectrostatic (i.e., specific) component of binding, K-d(1M). Gag binds to Psi RNA with a dramatically reduced K-d(1M) and lower Z(eff) relative to TARPolyA.

Hyponatremia was associated with 9.20%

of all bone fractures.

Conclusions: Mild asymptomatic hyponatremia is associated with bone fracture in ambulatory elderly and avoiding iatrogenic hyponatremia or treating hyponatremia click here may decrease the number of bone fractures in this population.”
“Protein localization and dynamics both have important roles in cell signal transduction. Biochemical studies have elucidated many details about the chain of events in signal cascades, but the poor temporal resolution and absence of spatial localization in these conventional techniques make it difficult to determine the “”where and when”" of protein interactions. Over the past decade, imaging technologies and biological tools have developed to a point where many fundamental

questions about protein activity can be addressed at the molecular level in living cells, revealing spatio-temporal information that is not provided by traditional biochemical assays. In this review, we illustrate the power of emerging fluorescence microscopy techniques to capture and quantify protein dynamics.”
“The objective of this study was to investigate the associations between clock drawing test (CDT) performance and subcortical AZD4547 brain morphology. Fifty-four participants (21 patients with Alzheimer’s disease, 23 with mild cognitive impairment and 10 healthy controls) underwent neuropsychological assessment and high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging at 3T. CDT performance was related to volume and shape measurements of amygdala, caudate nucleus, hippocampus, nucleus accumbens, pallidum, putamen, and thalamus, respectively. Impaired CDT performance was correlated with alterations predominantly in the hippocampus bilaterally and in the right Selleckchem SHP099 globus pallidus. These associations referred to regionally specific

morphometric alterations rather than to global atrophy of the respective structures. Our findings support an involvement of subcortical brain regions in CDT performance. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Smallpox preparedness research has led to development of antiviral therapies for treatment of serious orthopoxvirus infections. Monkeypox virus is an emerging, zoonotic orthopoxvirus which can cause severe and transmissible disease in humans, generating concerns for public health. Monkeypox virus infection results in a systemic, febrile-rash illness closely resembling smallpox. Currently, there are no small-molecule antiviral therapeutics approved to treat orthopoxvirus infections of humans. The prairie dog, using monkeypox virus as a challenge virus, has provided a valuable nonhuman animal model in which monkeypox virus infection closely resembles human systemic orthopoxvirus illness. Here, we assess the efficacy of the antiorthopoxvirus compound ST-246 in prairie dogs against a monkeypox virus challenge of 65 times the 50% lethal dose (LD(50)).

Urological outcomes were retrospectively reviewed including urodynamic study data, need for clean intermittent catheterization, use of anticholinergic agents and prophylactic antibiotics, and surgical history. The need

for ventriculoperitoneal shunting or spinal cord untethering surgery was also reviewed.

Results: Mean followup was 7.2 years for patients who underwent in utero repair and 7.3 years for those who underwent postnatal repair. Mean patient age at compared urodynamic studies was 5.9 years for in utero repair and 6.0 years for postnatal repair. The in utero repair group was comprised of 5 lumbar and 6 selleck kinase inhibitor sacral level defects with equal matching (1: 2) in the postnatal repair cohort. There were no differences between the

groups in terms of need for clean intermittent catheterization, incontinence between catheterizations or anticholinergic/antibiotic use. Urodynamic parameters including bladder capacity, detrusor pressure at capacity, detrusor overactivity and the presence of detrusor sphincter dyssynergia were not significantly different between the groups. There was no difference in the rate of ventriculoperitoneal shunting (p = 0.14) or untethering surgery (p = 0.99).

Conclusions: While in utero closure of myelomeningocele has been shown to decrease rates of ventriculoperitoneal shunting and improve motor function, selleck it is not associated with any significant improvement in lower urinary tract function compared to repair after birth.”
“Objective: To examine the association between dietary folate, riboflavin, vitamin B-6, and vitamin

B-12 and depressive symptoms in a group of adolescents. Methods: This cross-sectional study, conducted in all public junior high schools in Naha City and Nago City, Okinawa, Japan, included 3,067 boys and 3,450 girls aged 12 years to 15 years (52.3% of eligible sample). Dietary intake was assessed using a validated, self-administered diet history questionnaire. Depressive symptoms were defined www.selleck.cn/products/elacridar-gf120918.html as present when participants had a Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale score of >= 16. Results: The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 22.5% for boys and 31.2% for girls. Folate intake was inversely associated with depressive symptoms in both boys (adjusted odds ratio (OR) [95% confidence interval (CI)] in the highest (compared with the lowest) quintile, 0.60 [0.45, 0.79]; p for trend = .002) and girls (OR [95% CI], 0.61 [0.48, 0.77]; p for trend = <.001). Vitamin B-6 intake was inversely associated with depressive symptoms in both boys (OR [95% Cl], 0.73 [0.54, 0.98]; p for trend = .02) and girls (OR [95% Cl], 0.72 [0.56, 0.92]; p for trend = .002). Riboflavin intake was inversely associated with depressive symptoms in girls (OR [95% Cl], 0.85 [0.67, 1.08]; p for trend = .03), but not in boys. No clear association was seen between vitamin B-12 intake and depressive symptoms in either sex.

Our results support the potential of NSC grafts at multiple levels of spinal cord as future cellular therapy for motor neuron disease. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“In the present study, we demonstrate that the histopathologic features of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) peptide 35-55-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in C57BL/6 mice closely mirror the hallmarks of MS pathology. On

the one hand, we depict a time-dependent transition from acute inflammation to chronic neurodegeneration in spinal cord histopathology and provide distinct criteria (i.e. parenchymal edema, cellular infiltration and perivascular inflammatory infiltrates) by which acute and chronic stages of the disease can be distinguished. On the other hand, we assessed the extent of spinal cord plaque formation in relation to the total white matter area and we demonstrate a strong correlation with the clinical disease severity. Additionally, ARS-1620 cost we report on the involvement of different spinal cord regions, focusing on the anterolateral, posterior and pyramidal tract. Our results help to further characterize CB-839 molecular weight histopathology of

MOG peptide 35-55-induced EAE and reinforce the importance of this model for structural and functional studies of MS features. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Epidemiologic studies show that the prevalence of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is lower in smokers than in nonsmokers. Nicotine, a potent agonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), excites midbrain dopaminergic neurons and this may contribute to the anti-parkinsonian effects. However, the alterations MTMR9 in gene expression of nAChR subunits using an acute 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse PD model remain unclear. In the present study, we profile the time course of nAChR alpha 7 alpha 4 and beta 2 subunit expression levels using a comparative RT-PCR approach after acute MPTP injection. The

results fall into four categories. (1) MPTP treatment transiently increased nAChR alpha 7 (after last injection of MPTP 3 and 24 h), alpha 4 and beta 2 (24 h) mRNA expression in the substantia nigra (SN) and striatum. (2) Compared to cortical and hippocampal tissues, this transient increase of nAChR subunit expression specifically occurred in the SN and striatum. (3) In the acute MPTP model, time-courses of altered expression for nAChR alpha 7, alpha 4 and in subunits closely mirrored the deficits observed in animal motor activity. (4) Stereological data showed that after administration of MPTP for 24 h, there was a robust astrogliosis in the SN associated with significant dopaminergic neurodegeneration. These changes followed or paralleled MPTP-induced elevation in the levels of alpha 7, alpha 4 and beta 2 mRNAs. Collectively, our results demonstrate that nAChRs are important targets in the MPTP neurotoxic process.

In addition, a highly conserved putative RNA helicase, termed CGH-1 in C. elegans, is now shown to be important for both for translation repression and the stability of stored mRNAs. The analysis of CGH-1 ortholog functions in somatic

cells and its interacting proteins indicate possible mechanisms by which this protein family might stabilize stored maternal mRNAs.”
“Here we describe the first reported use of a Gram-positive bacterial system for the selection of affinity proteins from large combinatorial libraries displayed on the surface of Staphylococcus carnosus. An affibody library of 3 x 10(9) variants, based on a 58 residue domain from staphylococcal protein A, was pre-enriched for binding to human tumor necrosis https://www.selleckchem.com/products/gsk1120212-jtp-74057.html factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) using one cycle of phage display and thereafter transferred to the staphylococcal host (similar to 10(6) variants). The staphylococcal-displayed library was subjected to three

rounds of flow-cytometric sorting, and the selected clones were screened and ranked by on-cell analysis for binding to TNF-alpha and further characterized using biosensor analysis and circular dichroism spectroscopy. The successful sorting yielded three different high-affinity binders Semaxanib supplier (ranging from 95 pM to 2.2 nM) and constitutes the first selection of a novel affinity protein using Gram-positive bacterial display. The method combines the simplicity of working with a bacterial host with the advantages of displaying recombinant proteins on robust Gram-positive bacteria as well as using powerful flow cytometry in the selection and characterization Wortmannin purchase process.”
“Galantamine is a drug currently used to treat Alzheimer’s

disease (AD); in this group of patients it has been observed that concomitant ischemic brain injury can accelerate their cognitive deficit. We have previously shown that galantamine can afford neuroprotection on in vitro and in vivo models related to brain ischemia. In this context, this study was planned to investigate the intracellular signaling pathways implicated in the protective effect of galantamine on an in vitro brain ischemia-reperfusion model, namely rat hippocampal slices subjected to oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) followed by reoxygenation. Galantamine protected hippocampal slices subjected to OGD in a concentration-dependent manner; at 15 mu M, cell death was reduced to almost control levels. The neuroprotective effects of galantamine were reverted by mecamylamine and AG490, but not by atropine, indicating that nicotinic receptors and Jak2 participated in this action. Galantamine also prevented p65 translocation into the nucleus induced by OGD; this effect was also linked to nicotinic receptors and Jak2. Furthermore, galantamine reduced iNOS induction and production of NO caused by OGD via Jak2.

The EMG-stim was applied to the wrist

extensor of the EMG-stim group for two sessions (30 min/session) a day, five times per week for 10 weeks. Four functional tests (box and block, strength, the accuracy index, and the on/offset time of muscle contraction) and functional MRI (fMRI) were performed before and after treatment. fMRI was measured at 1.5 T in parallel with timed finger flexion-extension movements at a fixed rate. Following treatment, the EMG-stim group showed a significant improvement in all functional tests. The main cortical activation change with such functional improvement was shifted from the ipsilateral sensorimotor cortex click here (SMC) to the contralateral SMC. We demonstrated that 10-week EMG-stim can induce functional recovery and change of cortical activation pattern in the hemiparetic hand of chronic stroke patients. Crown SB202190 supplier Copyright (c) 2008 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Modeling the dynamics of wave propagation in human ventricular tissue and studying wave stability require models that reproduce realistic characteristics

in tissue. We present a minimal ventricular (MV) human model that is designed to reproduce important tissue-level characteristics of epicardial, endocardial and midmyocardial cells, including action potential (AP) amplitudes and morphologies, upstroke velocities, steady-state action potential duration (APD) and conduction velocity (CV) restitution curves, minimum APD, and minimum diastolic interval. The model is then compared with three previously published human ventricular cell models, the Priebe and Beuckelmann (PB), the Ten Tusscher-Noble-Noble-Panfilov (TNNP), and the Iyer-Mazhari-Winslow (IMW). For the first time, the stability of reentrant waves for all four models is analyzed, and quantitative comparisons are made among the models in single cells and in tissue. Epigenetics inhibitor The PB, TNNP, and IMW models exhibit quantitative differences

in APD and CV rate adaptation, as well as completely different reentrant wave dynamics of quasi-breakup, stability, and breakup, respectively. All the models have dominant frequencies comparable to clinical values except for the IMW model, which has a large range of frequencies extending beyond the clinical range for both ventricular tachycardia (VT) and ventricular fibrillation (VF). The TNNP and IMW models possess a large degree of short-term memory and we show for the first time the existence of memory in CV restitution. The MV model also can be fitted to reproduce the dynamics of other models and is computationally more efficient: the times required to simulate the MV, TNNP, PB and IMW models follow the ratio 1:31:50:8084. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Recent models of speech processing claim a ventral and dorsal stream for processing language as for the visual domain.