pylori infection. According to a case–control study, the average concentration of vitamin D in subjects with autoimmune gastritis was 9.8 ± 5.6 ng/mL; nonspecific gastritis patients, 22.2 ± 13.5 ng/mL; and H. pylori gastritis patients, 11.3 ± 8.4 ng/mL [24]. However,

another Nutritional Deficiencies investigation showed that the 25-OH vitamin D3 levels did not differ between H. pylori+ and H. pylori− patients (p > .20) [25]. Unfortunately, in our study, we were unable to obtain samples promptly to test the concentration of vitamin D. However, we were able to confirm that the vitamin D agonist 1α,25(OH)2D3 had in vitro antimicrobial activity against H. pylori. In our study, we found that 1α,25(OH)2D3 leads to a decrease in IL-6

and IL8/CXCL8 levels. Similar to this, 1α,25(OH)2D3 was found to suppress the production LBH589 concentration of a spectrum of inflammatory cytokines in immune and other cells (such as keratinocytes), including IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL8/CXCL8 (29), INF-γ, and TNF-α [26]; this action forms the basis for its anti-inflammatory mechanism. Therefore, 1α,25(OH)2D3 is a marker of systemic inflammation in H. pylori infection. Moreover, 1α,25(OH)2D3 is involved in anti-inflammatory action through its agonistic effect on VDR, which Pirfenidone targets the antimicrobial peptide CAMP gene in GES-1 cells. Taken together, our data show that 1α,25(OH)2D3 has multiple effects on the expression and release of antimicrobial peptides. We also found that the effects of 1α,25(OH)2D3 on the expression of VDR, CAMP, DEFB4 and CYP24A1. Similar to this, DEFB4 has been shown to be upregulated under

H. pylori infection-associated inflammatory conditions in vivo and under cagA-positive H. pylori infection in AGS cells in vitro [27]; moreover, the DEFB4 promoter contains find more VDREs [28]. In agreement with all these findings, 1α,25(OH)2D3 is known to regulate anti-inflammatory activity and other facets of immunity, including the induction of innate immune responses [7, 29]. In conclusion, this study has shown that VDR has an effect on antimicrobial activity against H. pylori. Our data are consistent with and explain at least in part, the critical role of the VDR/CAMP pathway in innate immunity. Moreover, these findings help improve our understanding of the anti-inflammatory mechanism of vitamin D. Given the importance of this subject, more studies are warranted to further understand the functional significance as well as the molecular mechanisms underlying this role of VDR. This study was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30600281) and National 973 Program (2013CB911303). Competing interests: The authors have no financial conflicts of interest. All the coauthors of this paper have contributed to the intellectual content of the paper. “
“Motility mediated by the flagella of Helicobacter pylori is important for the cells to move toward the gastric mucus in niches adjacent to the epithelium; then, H.

Cylindrospermum licheniforme (Bory) Kütz. ex Bornet et Flahault (Fig. 4, aj-at) Thallus compact leathery with star-like spreading bundles of filaments, blue-green in young cultures, becoming olive-green to brown-green or yellowish at the margins with age. Brown pigments released into the substrate. Filaments motile. Trichomes short or long, dispersed in a wide mucilage or tube-like sheaths including

several filaments, flexuous, strongly constricted at the cross walls, isopolar or heteropolar, 3.6–4.8 μm wide. Vegetative cells mostly cylindrical, typically shorter than wide, up to isodiametric, pale blue-green, Panobinostat 3.1–5.1 μm long. Heterocytes forming terminally after trichome fragmentation,

solitary, unipored, oval to elongated to bluntly conical, 5.4–9 μm long, 4.0–5.2 μm wide. Akinetes forming paraheterocytically, solitary, broadly oval to elongated, with smooth, colorless to dark brown exospores, sometimes with dark yellow to brown rough surface (precipitates?) and blue-green granulated content, 13–23 μm long, 7.0–12.4 μm wide. Rows of enlarged cells (proakinetes?) observed in paraheterocytic position. Reference strain CCALA 995. Herbarium voucher BRY37716, sequence KF052610. Isolated from prairie remnant soil in Pyramid State Recreational Area, Illinois, AZD3965 mw USA. Cylindrospermum maius Kütz. ex Bornet et Flahault (Fig. 6, i–s) Thallus leather-like, dark green, olive-green to dark brown-green, releasing brown pigments into the substrate. Trichomes immotile or slightly motile. constricted at cross walls, 3.9–5.0 μm wide. Cells cylindrical, isodiametric, shorter than wide or longer than wide, with homogenous, nongranular blue-green cytoplasm, 3.7–6.5 μm

long. End cells cylindrical, rounded. Heterocytes unipolar, terminal, spherical to elongated, smooth, tan, or yellow-green, 4.0–10.0 μm long, 4.5–6.0 μm wide. Akinetes single, adjacent to heterocyte, with smooth find more surface, coarsely granulated content, cylindrical, oval to ellipsoid, (18)21–36 μm long, 10–15(16) μm wide. Exospore initially unstructured colorless, later turning brown and layered, 1–1.5 μm wide. Reference strain CCALA 998. Herbarium voucher BRY37719, sequence KF052614. Isolated from recultivated (top) soil after coal mining, with loblolly pine, Pyramid State Recreation Area, Illinois, USA. Cylindrospermum marchicum (Lemm.) Lemm. (Fig. 6, a–h) Thallus soft, with rough surface, air bubbles forming along the colony edge, green, dark-green to blackish-green, with nacreous, shiny surface. Trichomes heteropolar, long, constricted at the cross walls, (2)2.5–3(4) μm wide. Vegetative cells isodiametric to longer than wide, bright blue-green or green, 3–5.5(9) μm long. Heterocytes apical, mostly cylindrical, rarely spherical or slightly conical, 3.5–6 μm wide, 4–8(10) μm long.

8% aqueous solution of ammonium polyacrylate in a ratio of approximately 1:1 solid:liquid. A viscosifying agent, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, is added to a concentration of 1% in the liquid phase, and then a counter polyelectrolyte is added to gel the slurry. There are two methods for robocasting crown structures (cores or FPD framework). One is for the core to Navitoclax supplier be printed using zirconia ink without support materials, in which the stereolithography (STL) file is inverted (occlusal surface resting on a flat substrate) and built. The second

method uses a fugitive material composed of carbon black codeposited with the ceramic material. During the sintering process, the carbon black is removed. There are two key challenges to successful printing of ceramic crowns by the robocasting technique. First is the development of suitable materials for printing, and second is the design of printing patterns for assembly of the complex geometry required for a dental restoration. Robocasting has room for

improvement. Current development involves enhancing the automation of nozzle alignment for accurate support material deposition and better fidelity of the occlusal surface. An accompanying effort involves calculation www.selleckchem.com/products/AC-220.html of optimal support structures to yield the best geometric results and minimal material usage. “
“This article describes the treatment of a 61-year-old man who had a completely edentulous maxillary arch and partially edentulous mandibular arch. The patient was orthodontically

treated to correct an anterior crossbite by distalization of the mandibular teeth using a removable prosthesis serving as an anchorage unit. Subsequently, the patient received two zygomatic implants, five conventional implants in the maxillary arch, learn more and six conventional implants in the mandibular arch. By the end of treatment, the convexity of the facial profile improved, and esthetic and functional occlusion was established. “
“Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of two pigments (ceramic powder and oil paint) and one opacifier (barium sulfate) on the color stability of MDX4–4210 facial silicone submitted to accelerated aging. Materials and Methods: Sixty specimens of silicone were fabricated and divided into six groups-–colorless (G1), colorless with opacifier (G2), ceramic (G3), ceramic with opacifier (G4), oil (G5), oil with opacifier (G6). All replicas were submitted to accelerated aging for 1008 hours. The evaluations of chromatic alteration through visual analysis and reflection spectrophotometry were carried out initially and after 252, 504, and 1008 hours of aging. The results were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey’s test at 5% level of significance. Results: All groups exhibited chromatic alteration (ΔE > 0); however, this color alteration was not perceptible through visual analysis of the color. The pigmented groups with opacifier presented the lowest ΔE values, with a statistical difference from the other groups.

All the patients underwent individualized management including endoscopic therapy and were followed

up post operatively about clinical symptoms. Results: Five of these 11 patients diagnosed as portal cavernoma presented with abdominal pain and jaundice, the examination showed biliary strictures and bile duct stones, they underwent initial endoscopic biliary sphincterotomy, then biliary decompression (plastic stent = SCH772984 ic50 3, recyclable coated metal stent = 1, nasal biliary drainage = 1), 4 patients were followed up for 6 m ∼ 24 m with no relapse. Two of these 11 patients presented with gastrointestinal hemorrhage after choledochojejunostomy, the examination showed biliary-enteric anastomotic stoma varices with bleeding, porto-systemic shunting were performed (transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt GSK2126458 cost = one, surgery = one), the two patients had been relieved without recurrence over the follow-up period (2 years and 6 months). The remaining four patients experienced cholangitis symptoms, were diagnosed as calculus of common bile duct, they all suffered from endoscopic biliary sphincterotomy and balloon stone

extraction, a follow-up period of average 11 months showed no relapse. Conclusion: Approximately 20% of patients with PHB are with symptoms of biliary system, and these patients need individualized treament. Endoscopic management including sphincterectomy, stone extraction and /or stent insertion is safe, minimal invasive and effective therapy. Porto-systemic shunting should be considered in the case of persistent biliary obstruction and/or hemorrhage because of portal hypertension. Key Word(s): 1. symptomatic PHB; 2. portal cavernoma; 3. biliary stent; Presenting Author: XUPING PING Additional Authors: ZENGCHUN YAN, HUANG JUN, CHENYOU XIANG Corresponding Author: CHENYOU XIANG Affiliations: the first

affiliated hospital of Nanchang university Objective: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is widely used in diagnosis and treatment of hepatic, biliary and pancreatic diseases. As a trauma examination means, post- ERCP has a variety of complications. Among of them, post-ERCP pancreatitis and cholangitis are the most two of common complications, may result in prolonged hospitalization, learn more and further intervention. It is very important to search for an effective prevention method for the patients. Our study aimed to determine the application and effect of antibiotics in preventing post-ERCP pancreatitis and cholangitis. Methods: A retrospective study was available. From January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2012,All of the patients who underwent ERCP in endosocopy center of the first affiliated hospital of Nanchang university were analyzed that the interference factors such as age, sex and based diseases have no statistical difference compared with control group. A total of 1231 people, were divided into 3 group by randomized: the first group and second group are the experimental group, the third group as control.

All the patients underwent individualized management including endoscopic therapy and were followed

up post operatively about clinical symptoms. Results: Five of these 11 patients diagnosed as portal cavernoma presented with abdominal pain and jaundice, the examination showed biliary strictures and bile duct stones, they underwent initial endoscopic biliary sphincterotomy, then biliary decompression (plastic stent = learn more 3, recyclable coated metal stent = 1, nasal biliary drainage = 1), 4 patients were followed up for 6 m ∼ 24 m with no relapse. Two of these 11 patients presented with gastrointestinal hemorrhage after choledochojejunostomy, the examination showed biliary-enteric anastomotic stoma varices with bleeding, porto-systemic shunting were performed (transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt Ivacaftor = one, surgery = one), the two patients had been relieved without recurrence over the follow-up period (2 years and 6 months). The remaining four patients experienced cholangitis symptoms, were diagnosed as calculus of common bile duct, they all suffered from endoscopic biliary sphincterotomy and balloon stone

extraction, a follow-up period of average 11 months showed no relapse. Conclusion: Approximately 20% of patients with PHB are with symptoms of biliary system, and these patients need individualized treament. Endoscopic management including sphincterectomy, stone extraction and /or stent insertion is safe, minimal invasive and effective therapy. Porto-systemic shunting should be considered in the case of persistent biliary obstruction and/or hemorrhage because of portal hypertension. Key Word(s): 1. symptomatic PHB; 2. portal cavernoma; 3. biliary stent; Presenting Author: XUPING PING Additional Authors: ZENGCHUN YAN, HUANG JUN, CHENYOU XIANG Corresponding Author: CHENYOU XIANG Affiliations: the first

affiliated hospital of Nanchang university Objective: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is widely used in diagnosis and treatment of hepatic, biliary and pancreatic diseases. As a trauma examination means, post- ERCP has a variety of complications. Among of them, post-ERCP pancreatitis and cholangitis are the most two of common complications, may result in prolonged hospitalization, selleck compound and further intervention. It is very important to search for an effective prevention method for the patients. Our study aimed to determine the application and effect of antibiotics in preventing post-ERCP pancreatitis and cholangitis. Methods: A retrospective study was available. From January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2012,All of the patients who underwent ERCP in endosocopy center of the first affiliated hospital of Nanchang university were analyzed that the interference factors such as age, sex and based diseases have no statistical difference compared with control group. A total of 1231 people, were divided into 3 group by randomized: the first group and second group are the experimental group, the third group as control.

36, 37 We aimed to gain more insight into the biological significance of shedding of the TNFR1 ectodomain in these pathologies by studying the extent to which ectodomain shedding of the TNFR1 controls the initiation

and progression of NAFLD towards NASH and the development of insulin resistance. Using knockin mice expressing a mutated nonsheddable TNFR1,29 we demonstrated for the first time that ectodomain shedding of the TNFR1 is not an essential feedback mechanism in preventing the development of hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance. However, this mechanism of the TNFα-inflammatory loop is pivotal for protecting against the transition from “simple steatosis” towards NASH. We have shown that p55Δns/Δns mice on a normal selleck kinase inhibitor chow diet do not develop hepatic steatosis, Wnt inhibitor despite increased hepatic inflammation (Fig. 2E). Moreover, 12 weeks of HF feeding did

not exacerbate hepatic lipid levels, nor alter the zonal distribution or severity of microvesicular steatosis in p55Δns/Δns mice compared to controls (Fig. 2D-F), suggesting that shedding of TNFR1 does not prevent the development of hepatic steatosis. It was known that the shedding of TNFR1 ectodomains attenuates the inflammatory response induced by TNFα,23 but our data now show that persistent TNFR1 signaling is not involved in the initiation of NAFLD. Consistent with this, mice with a genetic deletion of TNFα or TNFR1 are not protected against developing obesity-induced hepatic steatosis.10, 13, 14 However, TNFα has been shown to be a potent lipid metabolism regulator38 and many studies in rodents have described a role for TNFα in the development of hepatic steatosis.8, 33 Most of these have studied the effects of TNFα within 24 hours of a high selleck dose of human recombinant TNFα. Although administration of TNFα induces acute hepatitis, it does not mimic the chronic low-grade

inflammation associated with obesity. The inflammatory gene expression seen in livers from p55Δns/Δns mice was approximately 10- to 100-fold lower than that seen after a single injection with TNFα (Supporting Fig. 1); it thus led to a more physiologically relevant situation of chronic low-grade hepatic inflammation in our study. Although our data do not support a role for shedding of TNFR1 in the initiation of steatosis, we did see an advanced NASH-like phenotype in the livers of p55Δns/Δns mice fed an HFD compared to wildtype mice. This included the presence of inflammatory infiltrates, apoptotic hepatocytes, and large areas of hepatocellular necrosis surrounded by neutrophils and lymphocytes (Fig. 3A,B). Because our data indicated an important role for TNFR1 in the progression of NAFLD towards NASH, we investigated the effect of ectodomain shedding of TNFR1 on hepatic fibrosis, an advanced hallmark of NASH. P55Δns/Δns mice demonstrated increased levels of collagen staining, as detected by Masson’s Trichrome staining (Fig. 4E).

Helicobacter pylori Presenting Author: JAMSHID

VAFAEIMANESH Additional Authors: MOHAMMAD Akt inhibitor BAGHERZADEH Corresponding Author: JAMSHID VAFAEIMANESH Affiliations: Clinical Research Development Center Objective: Helicobacter pylori infection in gastric mucosa may cause systemic inflammatory reaction. We investigated the inflammatory effect of H pylori infection on nutritional factors such as serum albumin in hemodialysis patients and influence of eradication of H pylori on this association. Methods: Ninety-eight patients on hemodialysis were divided into 2 groups according to H pylori infection. Eradication of H pylori, 8 weeks after treatment, was confirmed by urease breath test and H pylori stool antigen. Serum albumin, lipid profile, and metabolite levels were checked before and after 8

weeks and 6 months of eradication of H pylori. Results: Thirty-nine patients (39.8%) were infected with H pylori. There were no significant differences between the two groups in age, dialysis duration, serum albumin, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, hemoglobin, serum calcium, serum phosphorus, and lipid profile. Thirty-seven patients with H pylori completed the treatment period. Eradication was successful in 30 patients (81.1%). Eight weeks and 6 months after anti-H pylori drug therapy, the mean serum albumin level significantly decreased from 4.2 mg/dL to 3.6 mg/dL (P < 0.001) and 3.7 mg/dL (P < 0.001), respectively. Significant decreases were seen in serum cholesterol (P = 0.001), Selleck BVD-523 blood urea nitrogen (P = 0.005), and serum calcium level (P = 0.03) and a significant increase in hemoglobin level (P = 0.02). Conclusion: Our study did not demonstrate selleck nutritional benefits after H pylori eradication treatment, as the level of nutritional markers reduced. This relationship needs to be confirmed by further

prospective studies. Key Word(s): 1. serum albumin; 2. Helicobacter pylori; 3. hemodialysis Presenting Author: JAMSHID VAFAEIMANESH Additional Authors: MOHAMMAD BAGHERZADEH Corresponding Author: JAMSHID VAFAEIMANESH Affiliations: Clinical Research Development Center Objective: Helicobacter pylori infection can be diagnosed by biopsy-based or noninvasive methods. Our aim was to identify H. pylori-positive patients on hemodialysis by the noninvasive method of H. pylori stool antigen (HPSA) and investigate its diagnostic accuracy for assessment of the eradication of infection after treatment in comparison with urea breath test (UBT). Methods: Serology, HPSA, and UBT were performed on 87 hemodialysis patients. Infection with H. pylori was confirmed if at least 2 tests were positive. Patients with H. pylori infection received a 2-week course of triple therapy. To evaluate success of eradication HPSA and UBT were done after 8 weeks. Results: Eighty-seven patients were enrolled in the study, of whom 39 (44.8%) were proved to have H. pylori infection. The HPSA was positive in the stool specimens of 37 patients (42.

Helicobacter pylori Presenting Author: JAMSHID

VAFAEIMANESH Additional Authors: MOHAMMAD Depsipeptide research buy BAGHERZADEH Corresponding Author: JAMSHID VAFAEIMANESH Affiliations: Clinical Research Development Center Objective: Helicobacter pylori infection in gastric mucosa may cause systemic inflammatory reaction. We investigated the inflammatory effect of H pylori infection on nutritional factors such as serum albumin in hemodialysis patients and influence of eradication of H pylori on this association. Methods: Ninety-eight patients on hemodialysis were divided into 2 groups according to H pylori infection. Eradication of H pylori, 8 weeks after treatment, was confirmed by urease breath test and H pylori stool antigen. Serum albumin, lipid profile, and metabolite levels were checked before and after 8

weeks and 6 months of eradication of H pylori. Results: Thirty-nine patients (39.8%) were infected with H pylori. There were no significant differences between the two groups in age, dialysis duration, serum albumin, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, hemoglobin, serum calcium, serum phosphorus, and lipid profile. Thirty-seven patients with H pylori completed the treatment period. Eradication was successful in 30 patients (81.1%). Eight weeks and 6 months after anti-H pylori drug therapy, the mean serum albumin level significantly decreased from 4.2 mg/dL to 3.6 mg/dL (P < 0.001) and 3.7 mg/dL (P < 0.001), respectively. Significant decreases were seen in serum cholesterol (P = 0.001), NVP-BEZ235 blood urea nitrogen (P = 0.005), and serum calcium level (P = 0.03) and a significant increase in hemoglobin level (P = 0.02). Conclusion: Our study did not demonstrate check details nutritional benefits after H pylori eradication treatment, as the level of nutritional markers reduced. This relationship needs to be confirmed by further

prospective studies. Key Word(s): 1. serum albumin; 2. Helicobacter pylori; 3. hemodialysis Presenting Author: JAMSHID VAFAEIMANESH Additional Authors: MOHAMMAD BAGHERZADEH Corresponding Author: JAMSHID VAFAEIMANESH Affiliations: Clinical Research Development Center Objective: Helicobacter pylori infection can be diagnosed by biopsy-based or noninvasive methods. Our aim was to identify H. pylori-positive patients on hemodialysis by the noninvasive method of H. pylori stool antigen (HPSA) and investigate its diagnostic accuracy for assessment of the eradication of infection after treatment in comparison with urea breath test (UBT). Methods: Serology, HPSA, and UBT were performed on 87 hemodialysis patients. Infection with H. pylori was confirmed if at least 2 tests were positive. Patients with H. pylori infection received a 2-week course of triple therapy. To evaluate success of eradication HPSA and UBT were done after 8 weeks. Results: Eighty-seven patients were enrolled in the study, of whom 39 (44.8%) were proved to have H. pylori infection. The HPSA was positive in the stool specimens of 37 patients (42.

Residual amine degradation and oxidation of residual unreacted carbon-carbon double bonds lead to the formation of yellowing compounds.[27-30] In addition, the physicochemical properties of monomers used in a resin matrix can influence stain resistance.[16] As reported by their manufacturers,

RelyX Veneer is composed primarily of bis-GMA and TEGDMA resin, Variolink II contains bis-GMA and UDMA, and Maxcem Elite contains HEMA and MEHQ monomers. As these materials age, the water sorption characteristics of the resin monomers STAT inhibitor may contribute to differences in the degree of color stability.[16, 35] TEGDMA-based resins release higher quantities of monomers into aqueous environments than bis-GMA- and UDMA-based materials do. Water uptake by bis-GMA-based resins increases in proportion to the TEGDMA concentration

find more and decreases with the partial substitution of TEGDMA by UDMA. UDMA appears to be less susceptible to staining than bis-GMA is.[30] Furthermore, composite resins with larger filler particles may be more susceptible to discoloration. A previous study showed that the size and number of particles can also influence the values of ∆E, ∆L*, ∆a*, and ∆b*, as well as the translucency of composite resins.[29] In another study Variolink Veneer (light-polymerizing), Variolink II (light-polymerizing), Variolink II (dual-polymerizing), and Multilink (autopolymerizing) were used for cementation of 0.7-mm-thick porcelain laminate veneers. The authors reported that cements could ensure color stability when used to cement porcelain laminate veneers, but the change in opacity could affect clinical results. As a result of the study, autopolymerizing cements became more opaque with aging.[17] In the present study, the opaque shade resin cements affected both 0.5- and 1-mm-thick ceramic translucency, while the translucent resin cements were not affected by aging.

There was also no significant difference among the dual- or light-cured translucent shade resin check details cements beneath the ceramics. Tristumulus colorimeters have been found to have precision and accuracy for the in vitro assessment of monochromatic porcelain specimens,[40] and the colorimeter used in this study was previously validated for evaluation and specification of dental porcelain color.[20, 40] The colorimeter used in this study was a small-diameter color measuring instrument. When using an instrument with a small aperture for both illumination and collection of light, the amount of reflected light is reduced, causing an inadequate L* value reading. The edge-loss effect generally occurs when illumination and color measurement are made through the same window.[40] Thus, the results of the present study may be limited; however, the specimens were prepared with a diameter (10 mm) greater than the diameter (3 mm) of the measurement tip of the colorimeter, to minimize the possible effects of edge loss.

Taxon Y-27632 datasheet 2 was enriched with the most severe spectrum of migraine including the highest concentrations of CM (28.4%) and HFEM (22.6%), whereas Taxon 5 represented the least severe end of the migraine spectrum including the lowest concentrations of CM (0%) and HFEM (0.08%). Validity of taxon assignment was tested by the ability of taxon membership to predict

clinical course. For Taxon 2, 22% of those free of CM at baseline developed it. For Taxon 5, less than 2% of CM-free Taxon 5 members developed it. Statistically based classification using FMM extends traditional clinical syndrome-based diagnosis. FMM can serve as an important tool to parse phenotypic heterogeneity and identify natural migraine subgroups. This approach may improve our ability to diagnosis migraine, to select initial therapy, to predict prognosis, and to discover biomarkers and genes. “
“To evaluate the association between RGFP966 tension-type headache and migraine with sleep bruxism

(SB). The association between SB and headaches has been discussed in both children and adults. Although several studies suggested a possible association, no systematic analysis of the available published studies exists to evaluate the quantity, quality, and risk of bias among those studies. A systematic review was undertaken, including articles that classified the headaches according to the International Classification of Headache Disorders and SB according to the criteria of the American Association of Sleep Medicine. Only articles in which the objective was to investigate the association between primary headaches (tension-type and migraine) and SB were selected. Detailed individual search strategies for The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMed, and LILACS were developed. The reference lists from selected articles were also checked. this website A partial grey literature search was taken by using Google Scholar. The methodology of selected studies was evaluated using the quality in prognosis studies tool. Of 449 identified citations, only 2 studies, both

studying adults, fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The presence of SB significantly increased the odds (study 1: odds ratio [OR] 3.12 [1.25-7.7] and study 2: OR 3.8; 1.83-7.84) for headaches, although studies reported different headache type. There is not enough scientific evidence to either support or refute the association between tension-type headache and migraine with SB in children. Adults with SB appear to be more likely to have headache. “
“Onabotulinumtoxin type A (onabotA) has shown efficacy in chronic migraine (CM). Its precise mechanism of action, however, is unknown. To analyze a potential relationship between calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) levels and response to onabotA in CM. Adult patients with CM were recruited. Matched healthy subjects with no headache history served as controls.