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V, Ramaekers M, Van Schuylenberg R, Verbessem P, Wijnen H, Hespel P: No effects of oral ribose supplementation on repeated maximal exercise and de novo ATP resynthesis. J Appl Physiol 2001,91(5):2275–81.PubMed 461. Berardi JM, Ziegenfuss TN: Effects of ribose supplementation on repeated sprint performance in men. J Strength Cond Res 2003,17(1):47–52.PubMed find more 462. Kreider RB, Melton C, Greenwood M, Rasmussen C, Lundberg J, Earnest C, Almada A: Effects of oral D-ribose supplementation on anaerobic capacity and selected metabolic markers in healthy males. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2003,13(1):76–86.PubMed 463. Dunne L, Worley S, Macknin

M: Ribose versus dextrose supplementation, association with rowing performance: a double-blind study. Clin J Sport Med 2006,16(1):68–71.PubMedCrossRef 464. Kerksick C, Rasmussen C, Bowden R, Leutholtz B, Harvey T, Earnest C, Greenwood M, Almada A, Kreider R: Effects of ribose supplementation prior to and during intense exercise on anaerobic capacity and metabolic markers. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2005,15(6):653–64.PubMed 465. Hargreaves M, McKenna MJ, Jenkins DG, Warmington SA, Li JL, Snow RJ, Febbraio MA: Muscle metabolites and performance GSK1904529A concentration during high-intensity, intermittent exercise. J Appl Physiol 1998,84(5):1687–91.PubMed 466. Starling RD, Trappe TA, Short KR, Sheffield-Moore M, Jozsi AC, Fink WJ, Costill DL: Effect of inosine supplementation on aerobic and anaerobic cycling performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1996,28(9):1193–8.PubMedCrossRef 467. Williams MH, Kreider RB, Hunter DW, Somma CT, Shall LM, Woodhouse ML, Rokitski L: Effect of inosine supplementation Urease on 3-mile treadmill run performance and VO2 peak.

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Peridium of locules two-layered, outer layer composed of dark brown or brown thick-walled cells of textura angularis, inner layer composed

of hyaline thin-walled cells of textura angularis lining the locule. Pseudoparaphyses 2–4 μm wide, hyphae-like, septate. Asci 63–125 × 16–20 μm, 8–spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, clavate, short pedicellate, apically rounded with a small ocular chamber. Ascospores 20–25 × 7–9 μm, biseriate, hyaline, aseptate, fusoid to ovoid, sometimes with tapered ends giving a spindle shaped appearance, smooth with granular contents. Conidiomata pycnidial in nature. Conidiogenous cells 6–20 × 2–5 μm, holoblastic, hyaline, subcylindrical, proliferating percurrently with 1–2 proliferations and periclinical thickening. Conidia (17-)18–20(−22) × 4–5 μm \( \left( ]# \times 4.8\,\upmu \mathrmm,\mathrmn f–i Asci. j–l Ascospores. m Ascospore with India ink showing sheath.

Scale bars: a = 500 μm, b = 200 μm, c–e = 50 μm, f–i = 20 μm, j–m = 10 μm ≡ Physalospora agaves Henn., Bot. Jb. 34: 51 (1905) Hemibiotrophic or saprobic on leaves. Ascostromata 140–260 μm high (excluding the papilla), 600–880 μm diam, circular, blackened areas on host tissue, immersed to erumpent on host tissue, visible as minute black dots or papilla on host tissue, uni to multi loculate, gregarious, individually globose to subglobose. Ostiole circular, central, papillate. Locules 120–200 μm high, 140–250 μm diam. Peridium of locules up to 19–50 μm wide, comprising several layers of brown to dark brown walled cells of textura angularis, broader at the base. Pseudoparaphyses 3–5 μm wide, hyphae-like, aseptate, numerous. Asci 90.5–122 × 27–38 μm \( \left( \overline x = 105.5 \times 31\,\upmu \mathrmm,\mathrmn = 20 \right) \), 8–spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, clavate to cylindro-clavate, short pedicellate, apically rounded with an ocular chamber (7–9 μm wide, n = 10). Ascospores 21–43× 8–12 μm \( \left( \overline x = 28 \times 10\,\upmu \mathrmm,\mathrmn = 30 \right) \), 2(−3) –seriate at the ascus apex, 1–seriate at the base, hyaline, aseptate, ellipsoidal, fusiform, or inequilateral, usually wider in the middle, wall rough, surrounded by a mucilaginous sheath. Asexual state not established.

Fig. S8. Percent distribution of prophage and DNA recombination genes from gut metagenomes available within the MG-RAST pipeline. Using the “”Metabolic

Analysis”" tool within MG-RAST, the available gut metagenomes were searched against the SEED database using the BLASTx algorithm. Percentage contribution of each gut metagenome assigned to functional classes within “”Prophage/DNA recombination”" SEED Subsystem is shown. The e-value cutoff for metagenomic sequences matches to this SEED Subsystem was 1×10-5 with a minimum alignment length of 30 bp. Fig. S9. Hierarchical clustering of gut metagenomes available within MG-RAST based on the relative abundance of cell wall and capsule genes. A matrix consisting Smoothened Agonist clinical trial of the number of reads assigned to genes within the “”Cell wall and Capsule”" SEED Subsystem from each gut metagenome was generated using the “”Metabolic Analysis”" tool within MG-RAST. The e-value cutoff for metagenomic sequences matches to this SEED Subsystem was 1×10-5 with a minimum alignment length of selleck kinase inhibitor 30 bp. Resemblance matrices were calculated using Bray- Curtis dissimilarities within PRIMER v6 software [41]. Clustering was performed using the complete linkage algorithm. Dotted branches denote that

no statistical difference in similarity profiles could be identified for these respective nodes, using the SIMPROF test within PRMERv6 software. Fig. S10. Transposases derived from gut metagenomes available within JGI’s IMG/M database. The percent of total annotated tranposase gene families from pig, mouse, human, and termite gut metagenomes is shown. The percentage of each transposase family from swine, human, and mouse gut metagenomes were each averaged since there was more than one metagenome for each of these hosts within the JGI’s IMG/M database. Metagenomic sequences were assigned to transposase Methocarbamol gene families using the IMG 2.8 pipeline. Fig. S11. Composition of resistance genes present with the swine fecal metagenome. The percent of swine fecal metagenomic sequences assigned to the “”Resistance to Antibiotics and Toxic

Compounds”" SEED Subsystem is shown. The number of GS20 and FLX assigned to genes within this SEED Subsystem were combined. The e-value cutoff for metagenomic sequence matches to this SEED Subsystem database was 1×10-5 with a minimum alignment length of 30 bp. Fig. S12. Differential functions within the swine fecal metagenome. A list of significantly different SEED Subsystems and their relative abundance are shown for pair-wise comparisons of the pig fecal metagenome versus other available gut metagenomes within the MG-RAST database. A matrix of the abundance of sequences assigned to each SEED Subsystem from each gut metagenome was generated using the “”Metabolic Analysis”" tool in MG-RAST. The number of reads from each individual pig, human infant, and human adult metagenomes were each combined since there was more than one metagenome for each of these hosts within the MG-RAST database.

Infect Immun 2004, 72:3724–3732.CrossRefPubMed 25. Deol P, Vohra R, Saini AK, Singh A, Chandra H, Chopra P, Das TK, Tyagi AK, Singh Y: Role of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Ser/Thr kinase PknF: implications in glucose transport and cell division. J Bacteriol 2005, 187:3415–3420.CrossRefPubMed 26. Lewin A, Baus D, Kamal

E, Bon F, Kunisch R, Maurischat S, Adonopoulou M, Eich K: The mycobacterial DNA-binding protein 1 (MDP1) from Mycobacterium bovis BCG influences various growth characteristics. BMC Microbiol 2008, 8:91.CrossRefPubMed 27. Dryselius R, Aswasti SK, Rajarao GK, Nielsen PE, Good L: The translation start codon region is sensitive to antisense PNA inhibition in Escherichia coli. Oligonucleotides 2003, 13:427–433.CrossRefPubMed 28. Stephan J, Bender J, Wolschendorf F, Hoffmann

C, Roth E, Mailander C, Engelhardt H, Niederweis M: The growth rate of Mycobacterium MK5108 manufacturer smegmatis depends on sufficient porin-mediated influx of nutrients. Mol Microbiol 2005, 58:714–730.CrossRefPubMed 29. Stephan J, Mailaender C, Etienne G, Daffé M, Niederweis M: Multidrug resistance of a porin deletion mutant of Mycobacterium smegmatis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004, 48:4163–4170.CrossRefPubMed 30. Danilchanka O, Pavlenok M, Niederweis M: Role of porins for uptake of antibiotics by Mycobacterium smegmatis. Antimicrob OSI-027 order Agents Chemother 2008, 52:3127–3134.CrossRefPubMed 31. Hillmann D, Eschenbacher I, Thiel A, Niederweis M: Expression of the major porin gene mspA is regulated in Mycobacterium smegmatis. J Bacteriol 2007, 189:958–967.CrossRefPubMed 32. Molle V, Saint N, Campagna S, Kremer L, Lea E, Draper P, Molle G: pH-dependent pore-forming activity of OmpATb from Mycobacterium tuberculosis and characterization of the channel by peptidic dissection. Mol Microbiol

2006, 61:826–837.CrossRefPubMed 33. Raynaud C, Papavinasasundaram KG, Speight RA, Springer B, Sander P, Bottger EC, Colston MJ, Draper P: The functions of OmpATb, a pore-forming protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mol Microbiol 2002, 46:191–201.CrossRefPubMed 34. Brosch R, Pym AS, Gordon SV, Cole ST: The evolution of mycobacterial pathogenicity: clues from comparative genomics. Trends Microbiol 2001, 9:452–458.CrossRefPubMed 35. Sambrook J, Russell DW: Molecular Cloning – A Laboratory Manual. Third Edition New York, U.S.: Cold Spring Harbor Sitaxentan Laboratory Press 2001. 36. Lewin A, Freytag B, Meister B, Sharbati-Tehrani S, Schafer H, Appel B: Use of a quantitative TaqMan-PCR for the fast quantification of mycobacteria in broth culture, eukaryotic cell culture and tissue. J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health 2003, 50:505–509.PubMed 37. Hanahan D: Studies on transformation of Escherichia coli with plasmids. J Mol Biol 1983,166(4):557–580.CrossRefPubMed 38. Kimura M: A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. J Mol Evol 1980, 16:111–120.CrossRefPubMed 39.

Conservationists already use flagship species to promote conservation actions (e.g. Krauss 2005; Smith and Sutton 2008; Veríssimo et al. 2009; Barua et al. 2010; Barua et al. 2011; Veríssimo et al. 2011; Root-Bernstein and Armesto 2013), and though anthropomorphic traits such as forward facing eyes are often key in flagship selection (Smith et al. 2012), little attention has been given to the role of anthropomorphized flagships. Commercial marketers have long established that anthropomorphism can be an effective way to connect people to products and services. This has led to the use of anthropomorphism in campaigns dealing

with products ranging from flavored fruit drinks to condoms to car parts (Spears et al. 1996; Waytz et al. 2010). Nonetheless, marketers have VX-661 concentration realized anthropomorphism is not universal, with its impact influenced by the social, economic and cultural profile of the target audience. As such, anthropomorphism has been used largely in a strategic way for particular product and service categories and linked to specific animal groups (Epley et al. 2008; Waytz et al. 2010). For example, representations of animals are mainly associated with the selling of food and drink (nondurables), pet foods, and services, with wild animals more frequently shown in an anthropomorphic state than domesticated animals (Spears et al. 1996). Social marketers

have also used anthropomorphism to improve the impact of conservation messages. For example, in the United States, Smokey the Bear, a black bear shown https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Staurosporine.html in a Forest Ranger’s uniform, is one of the most popular conservation icons, branded with his message “only you can prevent wildfires.” As would be expected, anthropomorphism is common in mafosfamide marketing campaigns that associate animals to the brands they are promoting as a

means to influence their target audience (Spears et al. 1996). This influence occurs both through the symbolic meanings that have been culturally assigned to particular animal species as well as the species physical attractiveness and likability (Lancendorfer et al. 2008). In this context, anthropomorphism gives marketers ample flexibility to move away from or reinforce the symbolic meanings associated with a species and in this way construct brand personalities that more effectively resonate with their target audience (Kotler and Armstrong 2012). Nevertheless, we still do not understand many of the dimensions of this use such as what aspects of animals (e.g. behavior, physical) are most often anthropomorphized and how these different aspects impact different socio-economic groups. Anthropomorphism is thus likely to motivate conservation support by highlighting commonalities between the human and non-human conditions. Anthropomorphism is based on at least three primary engagements with other species, including egomorphism, charisma and empathy, but it can develop through different experiences and take many forms.

5 mM cystine (1, 3, 5 and 7) or 1

mM homocysteine (2, 4, 6 and 8). MccB belongs to a family of PLP-dependent enzymes with O-acyl-homoserine γ-synthase, cystathionine β-lyase, cystathionine γ-lyase, methionine γ-lyase or O-acyl-homoserine CYT387 thiol-lyase activity [47]. Several elements strongly support that Cpe0176/MccB is involved in reverse transsulfuration: i) MccB is more similar to characterized cystathionine γ-lyases of B. subtilis and C. acetobutylicum than to the other members of this family; ii) MccB has an homocysteine γ-lyase activity associated with cystathionine-γ-lyase activity [8]; iii) mccB is in operon with mccA encoding a cystathionine-β-synthase-type enzyme and ubiG, encoding a SAM-dependent methyl-transferase as observed in several firmicutes [8, 9, 19]; iv) C. perfringens can grow in the presence of homocysteine as sole sulfur source; v) the expression of the ubiG operon is induced by cysteine depletion via a cysteine specific T-box element as expected for a cysteine biosynthetic pathway. In addition to its control by a T-box regulatory element, the ubiG operon also belongs to the VirR and VirX regulons. Interestingly, Saracatinib we showed that another member of the VirR and VirX regulons, the pfoA gene encoding perfringolysin O [24, 27], was regulated in response to cysteine availability. pfoA expression increased 3- (transcriptome) and 6-fold (qRT-PCR)

in the presence of cystine compared with homocysteine (Table 1). However, it seems unlikely that the effect of cysteine is mediated by the VirR/VirS system since cysteine does not induce the expression of other VirR/VirS-activated Tideglusib genes [48]. Regulation of other genes involved in sulfur metabolism by cysteine availability An S-box motif is located upstream of two genes that were derepressed during cysteine depletion in the transcriptome study: the metK gene encoding the SAM-synthase and the cpe2317 gene (metT) encoding a potential methionine transporter [9] (Fig. 1). Cpe2317/MetT is an antiporter of the NhaC superfamily that is

present in B. cereus, S. aureus, C. botulinum and C. tetani with S-boxes preceding the corresponding genes [9]. Quantitative RT-PCR experiments confirmed that the quantity of the metK transcript was 14-fold higher in the presence of homocysteine than in the presence of cystine. This suggested that the concentration of SAM is limited during growth with homocysteine. We were unable to detect methionine (Fig. 3) suggesting a low concentration for this amino acid. We also failed to reproducibly determine the SAM concentration probably due to the weak stability of this compound. In this study, we identified additional genes that could participate in sulfur metabolism. We observed an increased transcription of cpe1371 in the presence of homocysteine (3.3-fold in transcriptome and 5-fold in qRT-PCR experiments).

Mol Microbiol 2004, 51:283–296.PubMedCrossRef 23. Wallecha A, Correnti J, Munster V, van der WM: Phase variation of Ag43 is independent of the oxidation state of OxyR. J Bacteriol 2003, 185:2203–2209.PubMedCrossRef 24. Barnhart MM, Chapman MR: Curli biogenesis and function. Annu Rev Microbiol 2006,

60:131–147.PubMedCrossRef 25. Zogaj X, Bokranz W, Nimtz M, Romling U: Production of cellulose and curli fimbriae by members of the family Enterobacteriaceae isolated from the human gastrointestinal tract. Infect Immun 2003, 71:4151–4158.PubMedCrossRef 26. Parida SN, Verma IC, Deb M, Bhujwala RA: An 3-Methyladenine in vitro outbreak of diarrhea due to citrobacter freundii in a neonatal special care nursery. Indian J Pediatr 1980, 47:81–84.PubMedCrossRef 27. Schmidt H, Montag M, Bockemuhl J, Heesemann J, Karch H: Shiga-like toxin II-related cytotoxins in Citrobacter freundii strains from humans and beef samples. Infect Immun 1993, 61:534–543.PubMed 28. Karasawa T, Ito H, Tsukamoto T, Yamasaki S, Kurazono H, Faruque SM, et al.: Cloning and characterization of genes encoding homologues of the B subunit of cholera toxin and the Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin from clinical isolates of Citrobacter freundii and E. coli. Infect Immun 2002, 70:7153–7155.PubMedCrossRef 29. Guarino A, Capano G, Malamisura B, Alessio M, Guandalini S, Rubino A: Production of Escherichia coli STa-like heat-stable enterotoxin selleck screening library by Citrobacter freundii

isolated from humans. J Clin Microbiol 1987, 25:110–114.PubMed 30. de Graaf J, Stouthamer AH: Citrobacter freundii mutants deficient in host specificity functions and their recipient ability for foreign deoxyribonucleic acid. J Gen Microbiol 1971, 67:91–97. 31. Guarino A, Giannella R, Thompson MR: Citrobacter freundii produces an 18-amino-acid heat-stable enterotoxin identical to the 18-amino-acid Escherichia coli heat-stable

enterotoxin (ST Ia). Infect Immun 1989, 57:649–652.PubMed 32. Alessio M, Albano F, Tarallo L, Guarino A: Interspecific plasmid transfer and modification of heat-stable enterotoxin expression by Klebsiella pneumoniae from infants with diarrhea. Pediatr Res 1993, 33:205–208.PubMedCrossRef 33. Golebiewski M, Kern-Zdanowicz I, Zienkiewicz M, Adamczyk M, Zylinska J, Baraniak A, et al.: Complete nucleotide sequence of the pCTX-M3 plasmid and its involvement Erastin purchase in spread of the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase gene blaCTX-M-3. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007, 51:3789–3795.PubMedCrossRef 34. Mierzejewska J, Kulinska A, Jagura-Burdzy G: Functional analysis of replication and stability regions of broad-host-range conjugative plasmid CTX-M3 from the IncL/M incompatibility group. Plasmid 2007, 57:95–107.PubMedCrossRef 35. Rocha SP, Elias WP, Cianciarullo AM, Menezes MA, Nara JM, Piazza RM, et al.: Aggregative adherence of uropathogenic Proteus mirabilis to cultured epithelial cells. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2007, 51:319–326.PubMedCrossRef 36.

More complex artificial tear fluids have also been developed [8, 16, 19, 30] consisting of for example, a mixture of turkey egg white lysozyme, immunoglobulin A from human colostrum, bovine lactoferrin, serum albumin and mucin [16]. Since natural tear fluid and human blood serum show marked similarities in pH value, osmolarity, ionic strength, and protein composition [6, 50–52], the artificial tear fluid used in the current investigation offers a relatively high degree of realism. Because of their similarities, human blood serum has been previously used clinically as a replacement for human tear fluid [52–54]. Although human blood serum represents

a useful analogue of human tear fluid, serum has a higher protein concentration, lower quantities of antimicrobial substances, and lacks tear-specific proteins. In the current investigation click here therefore, the protein concentration of serum was reduced to a physiologically relevant value by diluting 1:5 with the www.selleckchem.com/products/OSI-906.html ocular irrigation solution BSS® and the tear-specific protein lysozyme was added at a physiological concentration. The serum used

was pooled and aliquotted from 50 different patient samples and thus avoids in-vivo variation between single serum samples. To prevent the deformation of the flexible CL caused by floating loosely in a suspension that presumably is a common feature of previously reported models, supportive coupons incorporating convex contact surfaces were machined from polycarbonate. The resulting support

of the CLs resulted in a stable, solid surface with a high surface tension incident to the convex shape of the CL. Additionally, intermittent contact with air for the central section of the CL was achieved by the use of continuous rotational mixing, combined with adjustment of the volume of artificial tear fluid so that the top of the CL surface was in contact with air in a manner similar to that which occurs Edoxaban in-vivo through the movement of the eyelid (Figure 1). Continuous agitation also effectively avoided dehydration of CLs. The effect of the third phase, forming a solid:air interface, and eyelid movements on bacterial adhesion to CLs has infrequently been reported in literature [21, 24, 30, 55]. Vermeltfoort et al. [21] passed air bubbles over the CL to mimic the natural shear action of blinking of the eyelid. Borazjani et al. [24] proposed that the effect of tear flow and the shear force of blinking may limit bacterial development on worn CLs. In the current study, viable bacterial numbers on the silicone CLs decreased within the first few hours, an observation that contrasts with some previous studies [19, 25, 26, 33, 56], which have generally reported a continuous increase of initial bacterial adherence.

Members of the five culture groups are keen observers of environmental and social linkages, and in our interviews cited some of acacia’s keystone properties with these words: “All the living organisms in the desert benefit from acacia. It is like a chain: every organism depends on another one, and you always find acacia on the chain” (Ababda man, age 60+). “If acacias go, no life will remain on the desert” (Ababda man, age 35–40). “Nothing is better than green trees. There is no life without these trees.” (Hadendowa woman, age 50). “Without the trees, there are no animals and no Bedouin” (Ma‘aza man, age

45). Here we examine the cultural and ecological Danusertib molecular weight contexts of acacias in pastoral nomadism, emphasizing traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) and other traditional knowledge and perceptions of the trees. We see how this knowledge guides decision-making, revealing acacias as a particularly critical component Epacadostat of the pastoral livelihood. We discuss aspects

of kinship, territorial organization, spiritual beliefs and tribal law that relate directly to the status of trees on the cultural landscape. We discuss how people accommodate variable environmental and economic conditions in ways that affect their relationships with trees. We conclude with perspectives on changes in nomadic knowledge systems, management and livelihood in the region’s dryland ecosystems, and on the continued existence and possible restoration of these ecosystems in the future. However widely it may be viewed as a desert wilderness we see the eastern Sahara—including our study area of the RSH of eastern Egypt and northeastern Sudan—as a cultural landscape best understood through attention to the dynamics of human-environment interaction and human culture (Krzywinski and Pierce 2001; Reynolds Chloroambucil et al. 2007). The geographical concept of cultural landscape denotes a landscape shaped by human culture, in contrast with a primordial “natural landscape” (Schlüter

1907; Sauer 1925; Krzywinski et al. 2009). Today this concept, which is especially relevant to our study, is also relevant to sustainable management of natural resources worldwide: The term “cultural landscape” embraces a diversity of manifestations of the interaction between humankind and its natural environment. Cultural landscapes often reflect specific techniques of sustainable land-use, considering the characteristics and limits of the natural environment they are established in, and a specific spiritual relation to nature. Protection of cultural landscapes can contribute to modern techniques of sustainable land-use and can maintain or enhance natural values in the landscape. The continued existence of traditional forms of land-use supports biological diversity in many regions of the world. The protection of traditional cultural landscapes is therefore helpful in maintaining biological diversity.

Similar differences in the deep tree nodes can be seen in the phylogenetic trees resulting from the concatenated alignments of the genes of each of the four groups and the trees

resulting from different combinations of the groups (Additional file 2: Figures S2–S4). However, as more genes are used to construct the trees, the clade and node structure of Proteasome inhibitor the trees becomes more consistent. Figure 3 MBA Based Phylogenetic Tree of 19 Ureaplasmas. The tree is based on the nucleotide sequence of the conserved domain of the mba (1–430 nt). Figure 4 Phylogenetic Tree of 19 Ureaplasma Strains Based on 82 Housekeeping Genes. ATCC type strains are labeled with tree letters (species) followed by a number (serovar). UUR = Ureaplasma urealyticum; UPA = Ureaplasma parvum; ntUPA3 = clinical isolate sequenced in 2000; 2033, 2608, 4155, and 4318 are clinical isolates of Ureaplasma urealyticum that cannot be serotyped. The tree is based on the concatenated alignment of 82 housekeeping genes 16 tRNA ligase genes, 12 DNA and RNA polymerase genes, 47 ribosomal protein genes, and the 7 urease subunit genes).

The non- informative positions were removed from the alignments. The removal of the non- nformative positions increased the bootstrap values. Recombination and integration of DNA All ureaplasma serovars contained one or more integrase-recombinase genes and some serovars contained transposases, or remnants of transposases, and some JNK-IN-8 molecular weight phage related proteins. Most of the recombinases were site-specific tyrosine recombinases, which are present also in other mycoplasmas and firmicutes. The highest number and variety of such genes was observed in serovar 2, and in general, UUR serovars had higher number of these

Demeclocycline genes than UPA serovars. However, insertion events represented only a small portion of the average 118 Kbp difference between the two species. A gene encoding a site-specific integrase-recombinase was adjacent to the phase variable locus of the MBA in 12 of the 14 serovars. This recombinase was likely involved in the rearrangements of the mba locus resulting in the variation of the C-terminal of this surface antigen. The presence of transposases suggested that foreign mobile DNA elements have been inserted in the genomes of ureaplasma serovars. Some of the transposases have truncations or unverified frameshifts indicating that the mobile element that they were part of was most likely no longer mobile. It was no surprise to find transposon related genes in serovar 9, which had acquired tetracycline resistance. The tetM gene was identified as part of a Tn916 transposon, based on the genes around it. Although tetracycline-resistant ureaplasma were probably less frequent when serovar 9 was isolated, now they comprise 25–35% of all patient isolates.