This work was supported by the project PROMETEO/2009/074 from the Generalitat Valenciana. References 1. Franklin JB, Zou B, Petrov P, McComb DW, Ryanand MP, McLachlan MA,J: Optimised pulsed laser deposition of ZnO thin films on transparent conducting substrates. Mater Chem 2011, 21:8178–8182.CrossRef 2. Jaroslav B, Andrej V, Marie N, Šuttab P, Miroslav M, František U: Cryogenic pulsed laser deposition of ZnO. Vacuum 2012,86(6):684–688.CrossRef 3. Jae Bin L, Hyeong Joon K,

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ANC, Camaratta R, Pascual M, Hernandez-Fenollosa MA: Electrochemical deposition mechanism for ZnO nanorods: diffusion coefficient and growth models. J Electrochem Soc 2011,158(11):E107-E110. 6. Ming F, Ji Z: Mechanism of the electrodeposition of ZnO nanosheets below room temperature. J Electrochem Soc 2010,157(8):D450-D453.CrossRef 7. Pullini D, Pruna A, Zanin S, PFT�� Busquets Mataix D: High-efficiency electrodeposition of large scale ZnO nanorod arrays for thin transparent electrodes. J Electrochem Soc 2012, 159:E45-E51.CrossRef 8. Pruna A, Pullini D, Busquets Mataix D: Influence of Blasticidin S research buy deposition potential on structure of ZnO nanowires synthesized in track-etched membranes. J Electrochem Soc

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faecalis, is shown by a dark grey arrow. The TX16 ORF (HMPREF0351_10906) with relatively low similarity to the β-lactamase superfamily is shown by a hatched arrow. The epaA to epaR region of E. faecium TX16 corresponds to locus tags HMPREF0351_10891

to HMPREF0351_10907. Genes encoding proteins predicted to be an initiating transferase of polysaccharide biosynthesis (undecaprenylphosphate sugar phosphotransferase), glycosyl Danusertib manufacturer transferases, acetyl transferases, sugar phosphate transferases and repeat unit polymerases are typically clustered together in loci that mediate polysaccharide synthesis in gram-positive bacteria. Our search for these features in the TX16 genome identified two Epacadostat Additional regions that might be involved in polysaccharide production. The first of these regions found in TX16 (Locus 4) is a downstream extension of the epa-like region (HMPREF0351_10908 – HMPREF0351_10923), immediately preceded by an undecaprenyl-phosphate galactose-phosphotransferase (encoded by epaR) (Additional file 7: Figure S3). Unlike the epa region, however, the extension (HMPREF0351_10908 – HMPREF0351_10923; Locus 4) is present in only 5 of the other E. faecium draft genomes; all except one of these strains (E980) belong to the HA clade . This Locus was also observed in these strains by Palmer et al. [34]. TX16 and these 5 draft

genomes also have an additional ORF (HMPREF0351_10906 in TX16), encoding selleck screening library a putative member of the large beta-lactamase-like superfamily (Pfam PF00144, e = 9.4 × 10−17) between epaO and epaR on the upstream side of this region (Figure 6) and a transposase (HMPREF0351_10924) in 5 of the 6 genomes on its downstream side. Analysis

of the remaining 16 draft genomes for a corresponding region revealed a predicted polysaccharide-encoding gene cluster downstream of the epa region in all of them, (Locus 1, 2, and 3 also described by Palmer et al. [34]), although these regions have only low similarities to those of TX16 and the 5 genomes above and extensive sequence variation among each other (Additional file 7: Figure S3). Locus 3 (HMPREFD9522_ 02513–02504) was found in only HA clade strains, also while Locus 1 (EFWG_01379-01370) and Locus 2 (HMPREF0352_0048-0457), although found in some HA-clade strains, were only found in non-CC17 isolates as well as in four of the five CA-clade isolates, indicating some specificity of polysaccharide biosynthesis genes for certain lineages or niches. Of note, none of Locus 2 strains have IS16, only two of the Locus 1 strains have IS16, while all that had Locus 3 or 4 have IS16. The second region found in TX16 that appears likely to be involved in polysaccharide biosynthesis (HMPREF0351_11938 – HMPREF0351_11970) is largely unique to this genome, with only the first four ORFs present in 20 of the genomes and the whole region completely absent in one of the genomes (E1039).

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AY, Treger DM: Spintronics: a spin-based electronics vision for the future. Science 2001, 294:1488–1495.CrossRef 15. Versluijs JJ, Bari MA, Coey JMD: Magnetoresistance of half-metallic oxide nanocontacts. Phys Rev Lett 2001, 87:026601.CrossRef 16. Zutic I, Fabian J, Das Sarma S: Spintronics: fundamentals and applications. Rev Mod Phys 2004, 76:323–410.CrossRef 17. Slack G: Thermal conductivity of MgO, Al 2 O 3 , MgAl 2 O 4 and Fe 3 O 4 crystals from 3 to 300 K. AZ 628 Phys Rev 1962, 126:427–441.CrossRef 18. Callaway J: Model for lattice thermal SBI-0206965 conductivity at low temperatures. Phys Rev 1959, 113:1046–1051.CrossRef 19. Yun JG, Lee YM, Lee WJ, Kim CS, Yoon SG: Selective growth of pure magnetite thin films and/or nanowires grown in situ at a low temperature by pulsed laser deposition. J Mater

Chem C 2013, 1:1977–1982.CrossRef 20. Cahill DG: Thermal-conductivity measurement from 30-K to 750-K- the 3-omega method. Rev Sci Instrum 1990, 61:802–808.CrossRef 21. Lee SY, Kim GS, Lee MR, Lim H, Kim WD, Lee SK: Thermal conductivity measurements of single-crystalline bismuth nanowires by the four-point-probe 3-omega technique at low temperatures. Nanotechnology 2013, 24:185401.CrossRef 22. Lee KM, Choi TY, Lee SK, Poulikakos D: Focused ion beam-assisted manipulation of single and double beta-SiC nanowires and their thermal conductivity measurements by the four-point-probe 3-omega

method. Nanotechnology 2010, 21:125301.CrossRef 23. Choi TY, Poulikakos D, Tharian J, Sennhauser U: Measurement of the thermal conductivity of individual carbon nanotubes by the four-point Belnacasan order three-omega method. Nano Lett 2006, 6:1589–1593.CrossRef 24. Choi TY, Poulikakos D, Tharian J, Sennhauser U: Measurement of thermal conductivity of individual multiwalled carbon nanotubes by the 3-omega method. Appl Phys Lett 2005, 87:013108.CrossRef 25. Feser oxyclozanide JP, Chan EM, Majumdar A, Segalman RA, Urban JJ: Ultralow thermal conductivity in polycrystalline CdSe thin films with controlled grain size. Nano Lett 2013, 13:2122–2127.CrossRef 26. Feser JP, Sadhu JS, Azeredo BP, Hsu KH, Ma J, Kim J, Seong M, Fang NX, Li XL, Ferreira PM, Sinha S, Cahill DG: Thermal conductivity of silicon nanowire arrays with controlled roughness. J Appl Phys 2012, 112:114306.CrossRef 27. Wang ZJ, Alaniz JE, Jang WY, Garay JE, Dames C: Thermal conductivity of nanocrystalline silicon: importance of grain size and frequency-dependent mean free paths.

plantarum, that has 99% amino acid identity to TanLpl. They identified Ser163, His451, and Asp419 as a catalytic triad with a nucleophilic serine within the pentapeptide sequence motif selleckchem Gly161-X-Ser163-X-Gly165 of the crystal structure. Alignment analysis indicated that all the three lactobacilli tannases, TanLpl,

TanLpa, and TanLpe contained the conserved Gly-X-Ser-X-Gly motif in their amino acid sequences as the catalytic triad (Additional file 1: Figure S1). In addition, we found that amino acid residues of Asp421, Lys343, and Glu357, considered to play a key role in binding of the enzyme to them corresponding galloyl site of buy XAV-939 the substrate [19], were also conserved. We sequenced a total of 28 possible lactobacilli tannase genes, forming selleck a distinct phylogenetic clade among the tannase genes reported in databases. No other bacterial tannases in databases showed higher than 60% amino acid sequence similarity with TanLpl, TanLpa, or TanLpe, suggesting that the three lactobacilli tannases form a novel independent lineage of tannase superfamily. Although an increasing number of genome sequencing reports are revealing that bacteria possess various tannase genes, only few of them have been cloned and expressed in heterologous hosts [20]. We thus undertook the gene expression and protein purification of TanLpl, TanLpa, and TanLpe in B. subtilis. However, the recombinant tannases were not readily secreted into the culture medium, but were

trapped within the cell walls. In agreement with our previous report [9], much the optimum temperature and pH for activities of TanLpl were 40°C and 8.5, respectively. On the other hand, Rodríguez et al. [21] reported that cell-free extracts

of the type strain L. plantarum CECT 748T (=ATCC 14917T) had optimal tannase activity at pH 5.0 and at 30°C. According to the available genome information of L. plantarum ATCC 14917T, this strain is known to have at least two unique tannase genes in its genome, i.e., tanLpl and another gene (GenBank accession no. ZP_07077992). It might be possible that Rodríguez et al. [21] worked with the second one. The optimum temperature and pH of TanLpa were similar to those of TanLpl, whereas TanLpe was weaker at temperatures higher than 40°C. The number of proline residues was reported to contribute to the enzyme thermo-stability [22]. The difference might be due to the lower proline content of TanLpe (21 proline residues), compared with TanLpl (23 proline residues) and Tanlpa (25 proline residues). Most of lactobacilli species are acid tolerant reflecting the fact that they produce various organic acids during fermentation, and thought until recently, to be generally not considered alkali sensitive. Nevertheless, Sawatari et al. [23] reported that some lactobacilli strains including L. plantarum and L. pentosus originating from plant materials showed growth at pH up to 8.9 and alkali tolerance of the glycolytic enzymes of the strains. Moreover, in turned out that L.

The increased plasma insulin level due to high-dose glucose ingestion is pivotal to stimulation of muscle glucose

uptake and glycogen Target Selective Inhibitor Library research buy synthesis [3, 4]. Insulin, which is secreted by the pancreatic β-cells upon elevated circulating glucose concentration, stimulates glucose import in muscle cells via the GLUT4 membrane protein. It also stimulates the incorporation of the glucose molecules into the glycogen molecule via activation of the glycogen synthase enzyme [5]. In this regard it is also important to note that muscular insulin sensitivity is markedly increased following muscle contractions [6]. Thus, any intervention that could elevate plasma insulin and/or further increase insulin sensitivity selleck inhibitor following exercise could facilitate repletion of muscle glycogen stores, and thus serve as a useful recovery agent. In this respect,

the addition of amino acids, and more particularly leucine, to a carbohydrate-rich drink is a frequent strategy used by athletes to increase insulin secretion and thereby enhance glycogen resynthesis. Leucine has a strong insulinotropic action which contributes to a faster glycogen resynthesis after exercise [7, 8]. Based on recent reports [9, 10], Opuntia ficus-indica intake could be another interesting nutritional strategy to stimulate insulin secretion and glycogen resynthesis after exercise. Opuntia ficus-indica is one of the approximately 200 species of the Opuntia genus, which belongs to the Cactaceae family [11]. Opuntia ficus-indica has been found to lower blood glucose and to increase basal plasma insulin levels in animals 17-AAG in vitro [9, 12] as well as in humans [10, 13, 14]. This indicates a direct action on insulin secretion at the site of pancreatic β-cells rather than an indirect action via increased blood glucose levels. Our group has recently shown that oral intake of a specific extract of Opuntia ficus-indica cladode and fruit skin (OFI) increases serum insulin concentration while reducing blood glucose level for a given amount of glucose ingestion after an endurance exercise bout in healthy young

volunteers [10]. In a dose–response Megestrol Acetate experiment we also found 1000 mg of OFI to cause a maximal increase of plasma insulin concentration. However, we did not evaluate the interaction of OFI with other insulinogenic agents like leucine. Moreover, commercial recovery drinks contain a maximal leucine dose of 3 g whereas only high doses (~7 g) have been shown to increase carbohydrate-induced insulin stimulation after exercise [7, 8, 15]. It is unknown whether lower doses of leucine increase carbohydrates-induced insulin stimulation as well. Against this background, the aims of the present study were: 1) to compare the degree of insulin stimulation by OFI with another prevailing strategy in sports nutrition to stimulate post exercise insulin release, i.e.

Studies have reported that breast milk contains L. gasseri, L. salivarius and L. fermentum,

of which L. gasseri was the most prevalent species [15, 16], but the prevalence of L. gasseri detection has not been reported. We cultured Lactobacillus species, predominantly L. gasseri, from approximately one third of breastfed infants with lower to non-detectable levels from formula-fed infants. This is consistent with our previous rapport [13]. Breast milk was not collected from the mothers, so we do not know whether detection of L. gasseri in infants reflects its presence in the mother’s milk. Other possible reasons for variability of L. gasseri detection in infants saliva include: individuality in adhesion site blocking on L. gasseri (presumably by saliva because L. gasseri aggregated in saliva MK-2206 mw but not in milk), and phenotypic

host receptor variation. Few studies have examined host receptors this website for, and adhesion properties of, L. gasseri and lactobacilli in general [54]. learn more binding of various lactobacilli species to saliva gp340 [33], peroxidase [33] and gastric and intestinal mucus [46, 48], blood group antigens and histone H3 [55] has been reported. Most of these host receptors are heavily glycosylated and several carry blood group antigens [55, 56], which is consistent with the present findings of more avid binding of L. gasseri to submandibular/sublingual saliva, gp340, MUC7 and MFGM. Interestingly, it was reported recently [57] that the innate immunity peptide LL37, which has been detected in the mouth on epithelial cells and in submandibular/sublingual saliva [58], alters the surface of L. crispatus with a possible influence Obatoclax Mesylate (GX15-070) on its adhesive traits [57]. Since

gp340 and MUC7 (here identified as host receptors for L. gasseri binding) exist as polymorphic variants [34, 35], and phenotypic variation in gp340 relates to S. mutans adhesion avidity (gp340 here shown as shared host receptor for L. gasseri and S. mutans), it seems possible that phenotypic host receptor variation can influence L. gasseri colonization in breastfed infants. This would suggest that bacterial acquisition in infancy, and potential beneficial effects from probiotic products, may vary among individuals. Pre-incubation of L. gasseri with saliva reduced detectable salivary gp340, and thus the observed S. mutans binding to gp340, suggesting that L. gasseri and S. mutans share a binding epitope in saliva. Competitive binding has previously been observed between S. mutans and other lactobacilli species with gp340 [33]. L. gasseri strains have also been shown to compete with, displace, and inhibit the adhesion of the enteric pathogens Cronobacter sakazakii and Clostridium difficile to intestinal mucus [48]. This suggests that L. gasseri may play a similar role in the oral cavity as has been observed in the gut. Although saliva from adults was used in the present study, gp340 has been detected in saliva in infants [19].

The bait-CBD fusion and the plain CBD are bound to separate cellulose columns and stringently washed to remove all proteins except bait or CBD. The columns are incubated with lysate from Hbt.salinarum cells grown in synthetic medium containing 12C-leucine (bait) or Selleckchem APO866 13C-leucine (pMS4), respectively. After elution, the eluates are pooled. To discriminate specific interaction partners from nonspecific binders, we combined the purification procedure

with stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) [58, 59]. For this, a second Hbt.salinarum strain which expresses the bait protein under the same strong promoter as in the bait-CBD strain but without CBD fusion, the bait-control strain, was used. Both strains were treated equally with the exception that the bait-CBD strain was grown in medium containing 13C6-leucine while the bait-control strain was grown in medium containing 12C6-leucine. Lysates from both strains were pooled and affinity

purification was done from the pooled lysate. Finally, the ratio between the relative amount of the 12C-form and the 13C-form of the identified proteins (the SILAC ratio) was determined. To allow easier visualization, a symmetrical measure, called association DAPT chemical structure score, was calculated from the SILAC ratio as described in the methods section. The association score indicates if an identified protein was specifically enriched by binding to the respective bait: in case of a specific interactor mainly the 13C-form would be present in the eluate, whereas for unspecific binders the 13C- and the 12C-form would be present to nearly the same extent. Proteins with an association score greater BCKDHA than seven were considered to be interactors and all other proteins to be nonspecific binders (for details see Additional file 2). In our second method, two-step bait fishing (Figure 1B), lysates from the bait-CBD strain

and a CBD-control strain (which expresses the plain CBD under the same promoter used for the bait-CBD fusions) were applied to separate cellulose columns. A stringent washing step followed which removed (nearly) all bound proteins except the bait-CBD fusion protein or the CBD, respectively. The bait-CBD loaded cellulose column was then incubated with lysate from Hbt.salinarum wildtype cells grown with 12C6-leucine, while the CBD-loaded column was incubated with lysate from Hbt.salinarum wildtype cells grown with 13C6-leucine. After careful washing to remove unbound proteins, the EX 527 purchase bait-prey complexes which formed on column were eluted, the eluates pooled, and proteins identified by mass spectrometry. Determination of the association score to discriminate specific and unspecific binders was done as for one-step bait fishing. In two-step bait fishing, the SILAC labeling was reversed compared to one-step bait fishing.

Am J Clin Nutr 2007, 86:373–381.PubMed 56. Zadik Z, Nemet D, Eliakim A: “Hormonal and metabolic effects of nutrition in athletes”. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2009,22(9):769–778.PubMed 57. Larsson L, Grimby G, Karlsson J: Muscle strength and speed of movement in relation to age and muscle morphology. J Appl Physiol 1979, 46:451–456.PubMed 58. Kim JS, Wilson JM, Lee SR: Dietary implications on mechanisms of sarcopenia: roles

of protein, amino acids and antioxidants. J Nutr Biochem 2010, 21:1–13.PubMedCrossRef 59. Fry CS, Rasmussen BB: Skeletal muscle protein balance and metabolism in the elderly. Curr Aging Sci 2011, 4:260–268.PubMedCrossRef 60. Katsanos CS, Kobayashi H, Sheffield-Moore M, Aarsland A, Wolfe RR: A high proportion MLN8237 purchase of leucine is required for optimal stimulation of the rate of muscle protein synthesis by essential amino acids in the elderly. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006, 291:E381-E387.PubMedCrossRef buy LY2874455 61. Fitschen PJ, Wilson GJ, Wilson JM, Wilund KR: Efficacy of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate supplementation in elderly and clinical populations. Nutrition 2013,29(1):29–36.PubMedCrossRef 62. Flakoll P, Sharp R, Baier S, Levenhagen D, Carr C, Nissen S: Effect of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate, arginine, and lysine supplementation on strength, functionality, body composition, and protein metabolism in

elderly women. Nutrition 2004, 20:445–451.PubMedCrossRef 63. Wilson JM, Grant SC, Lee SR, Masad IS, Park YM, Henning PC, Stout JR, Loenneke JP, Arjmandi BH, Panton LB, Kim JS: Beta-hydroxy-beta-methyl-butyrate blunts negative age-related changes in body composition, functionality and myofiber dimensions in rats. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2012, 9:18.PubMedCrossRef 64. Vukovich MD, Stubbs NB, Bohlken RM: Body learn more composition in 70-year-old adults responds to dietary beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate similarly to that of young adults. J Nutr 2001, 131:2049–2052.PubMed 65. Vukovich MD, Non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase Dreifort GD: Effect of beta-hydroxy beta-methylbutyrate on the onset of blood lactate accumulation and V(O)(2) peak in endurance-trained

cyclists. J Strength Conditioning Res/National Strength & Conditioning Assoc 2001, 15:491–497. 66. Bruckbauer A, Zemel MB, Thorpe T, Akula MR, Stuckey AC, Osborne D, Martin EB, Kennel S, Wall JS: Synergistic effects of leucine and resveratrol on insulin sensitivity and fat metabolism in adipocytes and mice. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2012, 9:77.CrossRef 67. Verdin E, Hirschey MD, Finley LW, Haigis MC: Sirtuin regulation of mitochondria: energy production, apoptosis, and signaling. Trends Biochem Sci 2010, 35:669–675.PubMedCrossRef 68. Hardie DG: Minireview: the AMP-activated protein kinase cascade: the key sensor of cellular energy status. Endocrinology 2003, 144:5179–5183.PubMedCrossRef 69. Hardie DG, Hawley SA, Scott JW: AMP-activated protein kinase–development of the energy sensor concept. J Physiol 2006, 574:7–15.

The signal is propagated back up to the fiber and is detected in real time by a fluorometer. This format has been successfully applied to many foodborne microorganisms and toxins, however, the limit of detection largely depends on the antibody and the reagents used [31, 44, 46–48]. In the present study, monoclonal Selleck Ro 61-8048 antibodies (MAbs) against L. monocytogenes and Listeria spp. were generated, characterized, and employed to concentrate L. monocytogenes using PMBs. Finally, MAbs were used on the fiber optic sensor to detect

L. monocytogenes from inoculated food products (soft cheese and hotdogs). In parallel, qPCR and light-scattering sensor methods were performed to confirm the results. Results MAb production and characterization by ELISA and Western blotting We selected 11 stable hybridomas, of which 7 (2F2, 2A2, 3B3, 3B7, 4E8, 2D12, and 4E4) reacted with both rInlA and L. monocytogenes cells, and 4 (4E5, 4C1, 2A12, and 3F8) reacted with

L. monocytogenes, L. innocua, and L. seeligeri. After another round of selleck kinase inhibitor screening of MAbs-2D12, -3B7, -4E4, and -3F8 against rInlA or L. monocytogenes cells (serotypes 4b, 4a, 1/2a, and 1/2b) by ELISA, we chose MAb-2D12 (subclass IgG2a) and MAb-3F8 (subclass IgM) for future use. An ELISA (Figure  1a) revealed that, among the anti-InlA antibodies, MAbs-2D12 and -3B7 strongly reacted (A 450 = 1.0 or higher) with L. monocytogenes 4b cells, while MAb-4E4 gave slightly lower reaction values (A 450 = 0.75–0.9). The Listeria genus-specific MAb-3F8 gave strong ELISA values (A 450 = 0.8–1.5) when tested against other Listeria spp., without producing significant cross-reactions with other selleck compound bacterial species (Figure  1b). Figure 1 Indirect ELISA using (a) MAbs 2D12, 3B7, 4E4, and 3F8 or (b) MAb-3F8 against different bacterial strains and purified rInlA. Several 96-well microtiter plates were coated with live bacteria (~1 × 109 CFU/mL) for 16 h at 4 °C. Data are the mean ± SD of 3 independent assays performed in duplicate.

In the Western blot, MAb-2D12 reacted with an 80-kDa protein band (InlA) from L. monocytogenes and L. ivanovii, but it did not react with other Listeria spp., including L. marthii or L. rocourtiae Org 27569 (Figure  2a). MAb-2D12 was reactive with all 13 serotypes; however, a relatively weak reaction with 2 strains of serotype 1/2c (ATCC 19112 and ATCC 7644) was observed. MAb-2D12 also reacted with a 66-kDa band from serotype 3c (SLCC 2479), which is presumably a truncated InlA-protein variant (Figure  2b) [49]. MAb-2D12-reactive InlA was distributed in the secreted, cell wall, and intracellular protein fractions of bacteria (Figure  2c). Immunofluorescence microscopy confirmed the specific binding of anti-InlA antibody (MAb-2D12) to the surface of L. monocytogenes cells, but it did not react with L. innocua (Additional file 1: Figure S1).

A. Morton for critical review of the manuscript and E. Diakun for technical assistance. C.J. and R.Y. were supported by NSERC scholarships.

Electronic supplementary material Additional file 1: Alignment of rpoS gene sequences of Suc ++ mutants with parental strains. The alignment data show the location of mutations within the rpoS gene in the selected Suc++ mutants in comparison with parental strains. (PDF 349 KB) Additional file 2: Alignment of predicted RpoS protein sequences of Suc ++ mutants with parental strains. The protein alignment MK-4827 data show the predicted mutant forms of RpoS resulting from the identified mutations in the rpoS gene of Suc++ mutants. (PDF 128 KB) References 1. Stoodley P, Sauer K, Davies DG, Costerton JW: Biofilms as complex differentiated communities. Annu Rev Microbiol 2002, 56:187–209.CrossRefPubMed 2. Davidson CJ, Surette MG: Individuality in bacteria. Annu Rev Genet 2008, 42:253–268.CrossRefPubMed 3. Wolf DM, Vazirani VV, Arkin AP: Diversity in times of adversity: probabilistic strategies in microbial survival games. J Theor Biol 2005, 234:227–253.CrossRefPubMed 4. Lederberg J, Iino T: Phase Variation in Salmonella.

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